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It is the set of values for all the variables in the equation which make the equation true.
You substitute the value of the variable into the equation and simplify. If the rsult is a true statement then that value of the variable really does satisfy the equation.
an equation that's true for all values is an identity.
The solutions.
Yes. If it had more than one y value for each x value, on the other hand, it would not. A function is "Something that has a value depending on some input". Now an equation is something like Function(of x) = 0. You could say this equation has 2 possible values, True or False. This is not the same thing as saying there are two values of x to make the zero. So y=x2 has two values of x for every y. Generally, nobody would say y=x2 is a function. Except in the sense that it the equation is true for some values of x and y, and false for any others.