yes if it is on a 15 amp circuit to keep it simple
12-2 for 20 amp circuits
A. It's 240 volts & B. Wire size is a function of amperage. 12-gauge wire is used with 20 amperes or less. So, 12-gauge wire can be used with 120V/20A or 240V/20A. Keep in mind though that 240V in the U.S. has 2 live 120V lines so if you encounter a white wire, it's probably an unmarked live & should be repainted as black or better yet, red (to indicate the 2nd live wire).
It is unusual to have multiple outlets on a 30 Amp service. If you do this you need outlets rated at 30 amps and 10 AWG wire.
A disconnected or broken wire along the path somewhere. If you have 5 outlets (in a row) on a breaker and the wire breaks at the 3rd outlet, the first two outlets will still work but the others will not. Rodents are known to gnaw on wires and that can cause the break. Or maybe a wire just came loose from a recepticle.
long enogh to eat dinner and forget about it
no
The same way
Assuming this is not an office of a place where lots of the outlets will be used to power items that draw lots of current on a 15 amp circuit wired with 14/2 wire I would limit it to no more than 10 outlets and lights combined. On a 20 amp circuit wired with 12/2 wire I would limit it to a 14 outlets and lights combined. There is no limit in the code. You just use common sense based on what is going to be used on this circuit.
A. It's 240 volts & B. Wire size is a function of amperage. 12-gauge wire is used with 20 amperes or less. So, 12-gauge wire can be used with 120V/20A or 240V/20A. Keep in mind though that 240V in the U.S. has 2 live 120V lines so if you encounter a white wire, it's probably an unmarked live & should be repainted as black or better yet, red (to indicate the 2nd live wire).
It is unusual to have multiple outlets on a 30 Amp service. If you do this you need outlets rated at 30 amps and 10 AWG wire.
Don't know what you mean by back wire, but most GFCI outlets have a circuit to attach additional outlets that will be protected by the GFCI. Keep total load in minds.
No more than ten. If you used a 20-A breaker it would be up to 13.
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A disconnected or broken wire along the path somewhere. If you have 5 outlets (in a row) on a breaker and the wire breaks at the 3rd outlet, the first two outlets will still work but the others will not. Rodents are known to gnaw on wires and that can cause the break. Or maybe a wire just came loose from a recepticle.
long enogh to eat dinner and forget about it
A Grandfather Clause is a provision allowing something that existed to continue to exist, even though a new code or law is being passed making something illegal. An example would be a new electrical code requiring 3-wire outlets, with older houses containing 2-wire outlets being "grandfathered", so they don't have to be re-wired.
Because the white wire on a 120 volt circuit is the neutral wire that is connected to the silver screw on outlets and switches. It is connected to the neutral bar in the service panel.
Use a 15 amp breaker and 14 AWG wire and all switches and outlets rated at 15 amps or greater.