Is this statement true or false To create unity an artist adjusts elements of the artwork to make them work together and add to the wholeness of the work?

What is the effect of the options statement errors equals 1?

The LSMEANS statement computes least squares means (LS-means) of fixed effects. As in the GLM procedure, LS-means are predicted population margins-that is, they estimate the marginal means over a balanced population. In a sense, LS-means are to unbalanced designs as class and subclass arithmetic means are to balanced designs. The matrix constructed to compute them is the same as the matrix formed in PROC GLM; however, the standard errors are adjusted for the covariance parameters in the model.Each LS-mean is computed as , where is the coefficient matrix associated with the least squares mean and is the estimate of the fixed-effects parameter vector (see the section Estimating Fixed and Random Effects in the Mixed Model). The approximate standard errors for the LS-mean is computed as the square root of .LS-means can be computed for any effect in the MODEL statement that involves CLASS variables. You can specify multiple effects in one LSMEANS statement or in multiple LSMEANS statements, and all LSMEANS statements must appear after the MODEL statement. As in the ESTIMATE statement, the matrix is tested for estimability, and if this test fails, PROC MIXED displays "Non-est" for the LS-means entries.Assuming the LS-mean is estimable, PROC MIXED constructs an approximate t test to test the null hypothesis that the associated population quantity equals zero. By default, the denominator degrees of freedom for this test are the same as those displayed for the effect in the "Tests of Fixed Effects" table (see the section Default Output).Table 56.5 summarizes important options in the LSMEANS statement. All LSMEANS options are subsequently discussed in alphabetical order.Table 56.5 Summary of Important LSMEANS Statement OptionsOptionDescriptionConstruction and Computation of LS-MeansATmodifies covariate value in computing LS-meansBYLEVELcomputes separate marginsDIFFrequests differences of LS-meansOMspecifies weighting scheme for LS-mean computationSINGULAR=tunes estimability checkingSLICE=partitions F tests (simple effects)Degrees of Freedom and P-valuesADJDFE=determines whether to compute row-wise denominator degrees of freedom with DDFM=SATTERTHWAITE or DDFM=KENWARDROGERADJUST=determines the method for multiple comparison adjustment of LS-mean differencesALPHA=determines the confidence level ()DF=assigns specific value to degrees of freedom for tests and confidence limitsStatistical OutputCLconstructs confidence limits for means and or mean differencesCORRdisplays correlation matrix of LS-meansCOVdisplays covariance matrix of LS-meansEprints the matrixYou can specify the following options in the LSMEANS statement after a slash (/).ADJDFE=SOURCEADJDFE=ROWspecifies how denominator degrees of freedom are determined when -values and confidence limits are adjusted for multiple comparisons with the ADJUST= option. When you do not specify the ADJDFE= option, or when you specify ADJDFE=SOURCE, the denominator degrees of freedom for multiplicity-adjusted results are the denominator degrees of freedom for the LS-mean effect in the "Type 3 Tests of Fixed Effects" table. When you specify ADJDFE=ROW, the denominator degrees of freedom for multiplicity-adjusted results correspond to the degrees of freedom displayed in the DF column of the "Differences of Least Squares Means" table.The ADJDFE=ROW setting is particularly useful if you want multiplicity adjustments to take into account that denominator degrees of freedom are not constant across LS-mean differences. This can be the case, for example, when the DDFM=SATTERTHWAITE or DDFM=KENWARDROGER degrees-of-freedom method is in effect.In one-way models with heterogeneous variance, combining certain ADJUST= options with the ADJDFE=ROW option corresponds to particular methods of performing multiplicity adjustments in the presence of heteroscedasticity. For example, the following statements fit a heteroscedastic one-way model and perform Dunnett's T3 method (Dunnett 1980), which is based on the studentized maximum modulus (ADJUST=SMM):proc mixed; class A; model y = A / ddfm=satterth; repeated / group=A; lsmeans A / adjust=smm adjdfe=row; run;If you combine the ADJDFE=ROW option with ADJUST=SIDAK, the multiplicity adjustment corresponds to the T2 method of Tamhane (1979), while ADJUST=TUKEY corresponds to the method of Games-Howell (Games and Howell 1976). Note that ADJUST=TUKEY gives the exact results for the case of fractional degrees of freedom in the one-way model, but it does not take into account that the degrees of freedom are subject to variability. A more conservative method, such as ADJUST=SMM, might protect the overall error rate better.Unless the ADJUST= option of the LSMEANS statement is specified, the ADJDFE= option has no effect.ADJUST=BONADJUST=DUNNETTADJUST=SCHEFFEADJUST=SIDAKADJUST=SIMULATEADJUST=SMM|GT2ADJUST=TUKEYrequests a multiple comparison adjustment for the p-values and confidence limits for the differences of LS-means. By default, PROC MIXED adjusts all pairwise differences unless you specify ADJUST=DUNNETT, in which case PROC MIXED analyzes all differences with a control level. The ADJUST= option implies the DIFF option.The BON (Bonferroni) and SIDAK adjustments involve correction factors described in Chapter 39, The GLM Procedure, and Chapter 58, The MULTTEST Procedure; also see Westfall and Young (1993) and Westfall et al. (1999). When you specify ADJUST=TUKEY and your data are unbalanced, PROC MIXED uses the approximation described in Kramer (1956). Similarly, when you specify ADJUST=DUNNETT and the LS-means are correlated, PROC MIXED uses the factor-analytic covariance approximation described in Hsu (1992). The preceding references also describe the SCHEFFE and SMM adjustments.The SIMULATE adjustment computes adjusted p-values and confidence limits from the simulated distribution of the maximum or maximum absolute value of a multivariate t random vector. All covariance parameters except the residual variance are fixed at their estimated values throughout the simulation, potentially resulting in some underdispersion. The simulation estimates , the true th quantile, where is the confidence coefficient. The default is 0.05, and you can change this value with the ALPHA= option in the LSMEANS statement.The number of samples is set so that the tail area for the simulated is within of with % confidence. In equation form,where is the simulated and is the true distribution function of the maximum; see Edwards and Berry (1987) for details. By default, = 0.005 and = 0.01, placing the tail area of within 0.005 of 0.95 with 99% confidence. The ACC= and EPS= sim-options reset and , respectively; the NSAMP= sim-option sets the sample size directly; and the SEED= sim-option specifies an integer used to start the pseudo-random number generator for the simulation. If you do not specify a seed, or if you specify a value less than or equal to zero, the seed is generated from reading the time of day from the computer clock. For additional descriptions of these and other simulation options, see the section LSMEANS Statement in Chapter 39, The GLM Procedure.ALPHA=numberrequests that a t-type confidence interval be constructed for each of the LS-means with confidence level number. The value of number must be between 0 and 1; the default is 0.05.AT variable = valueAT (variable-list) = (value-list)AT MEANSenables you to modify the values of the covariates used in computing LS-means. By default, all covariate effects are set equal to their mean values for computation of standard LS-means. The AT option enables you to assign arbitrary values to the covariates. Additional columns in the output table indicate the values of the covariates.If there is an effect containing two or more covariates, the AT option sets the effect equal to the product of the individual means rather than the mean of the product (as with standard LS-means calculations). The AT MEANS option sets covariates equal to their mean values (as with standard LS-means) and incorporates this adjustment to crossproducts of covariates.As an example, consider the following invocation of PROC MIXED:proc mixed; class A; model Y = A X1 X2 X1*X2; lsmeans A; lsmeans A / at means; lsmeans A / at X1=1.2; lsmeans A / at (X1 X2)=(1.2 0.3); run;For the first two LSMEANS statements, the LS-means coefficient for X1 is (the mean of X1) and for X2 is (the mean of X2). However, for the first LSMEANS statement, the coefficient for X1*X2 is , but for the second LSMEANS statement, the coefficient is . The third LSMEANS statement sets the coefficient for X1 equal to and leaves it at for X2, and the final LSMEANS statement sets these values to and , respectively.If a WEIGHT variable is present, it is used in processing AT variables. Also, observations with missing dependent variables are included in computing the covariate means, unless these observations form a missing cell and the FULLX option in the MODEL statement is not in effect. You can use the E option in conjunction with the AT option to check that the modified LS-means coefficients are the ones you want.The AT option is disabled if you specify the BYLEVEL option.BYLEVELrequests PROC MIXED to process the OM data set by each level of the LS-mean effect (LSMEANS effect) in question. For more details, see the OM option later in this section.CLrequests that t-type confidence limits be constructed for each of the LS-means. The confidence level is 0.95 by default; this can be changed with the ALPHA= option.CORRdisplays the estimated correlation matrix of the least squares means as part of the "Least Squares Means" table.COVdisplays the estimated covariance matrix of the least squares means as part of the "Least Squares Means" table.DF=numberspecifies the degrees of freedom for the t test and confidence limits. The default is the denominator degrees of freedom taken from the "Tests of Fixed Effects" table corresponding to the LS-means effect unless the DDFM=SATTERTHWAITE or DDFM=KENWARDROGER option is in effect in the MODEL statement. For these DDFM= methods, degrees of freedom are determined separately for each test; see the DDFM= option for more information.DIFFPDIFFrequests that differences of the LS-means be displayed. The optional difftype specifies which differences to produce, with possible values being ALL, CONTROL, CONTROLL, and CONTROLU. The difftype ALL requests all pairwise differences, and it is the default. The difftype CONTROL requests the differences with a control, which, by default, is the first level of each of the specified LSMEANS effects.To specify which levels of the effects are the controls, list the quoted formatted values in parentheses after the keyword CONTROL. For example, if the effects A, B, and C are classification variables, each having two levels, 1 and 2, the following LSMEANS statement specifies the (1,2) level of A*B and the (2,1) level of B*C as controls:lsmeans A*B B*C / diff=control('1' '2' '2' '1');For multiple effects, the results depend upon the order of the list, and so you should check the output to make sure that the controls are correct.Two-tailed tests and confidence limits are associated with the CONTROL difftype. For one-tailed results, use either the CONTROLL or CONTROLU difftype. The CONTROLL difftypetests whether the noncontrol levels are significantly smaller than the control; the upper confidence limits for the control minus the noncontrol levels are considered to be infinity and are displayed as missing. Conversely, the CONTROLU difftype tests whether the noncontrol levels are significantly larger than the control; the upper confidence limits for the noncontrol levels minus the control are considered to be infinity and are displayed as missing.If you want to perform multiple comparison adjustments on the differences of LS-means, you must specify the ADJUST= option.The differences of the LS-means are displayed in a table titled "Differences of Least Squares Means." For ODS purposes, the table name is "Diffs."Erequests that the matrix coefficients for all LSMEANS effects be displayed. For ODS purposes, the name of this " Matrix Coefficients" table is "Coef."OMOBSMARGINSspecifies a potentially different weighting scheme for the computation of LS-means coefficients. The standard LS-means have equal coefficients across classification effects; however, the OM option changes these coefficients to be proportional to those found in OM-data-set. This adjustment is reasonable when you want your inferences to apply to a population that is not necessarily balanced but has the margins observed in OM-data-set.By default, OM-data-set is the same as the analysis data set. You can optionally specify another data set that describes the population for which you want to make inferences. This data set must contain all model variables except for the dependent variable (which is ignored if it is present). In addition, the levels of all CLASS variables must be the same as those occurring in the analysis data set. Specifying an OM-data-set enables you to construct arbitrarily weighted LS-means.In computing the observed margins, PROC MIXED uses all observations for which there are no missing or invalid independent variables, including those for which there are missing dependent variables. Also, if OM-data-set has a WEIGHT variable, PROC MIXED uses weighted margins to construct the LS-means coefficients. If OM-data-set is balanced, the LS-means are unchanged by the OM option.The BYLEVEL option modifies the observed-margins LS-means. Instead of computing the margins across all of the OM-data-set, PROC MIXED computes separate margins for each level of the LSMEANS effect in question. In this case the resulting LS-means are actually equal to raw means for fixed-effects models and certain balanced random-effects models, but their estimated standard errors account for the covariance structure that you have specified. If the AT option is specified, the BYLEVEL option disables it.You can use the E option in conjunction with either the OM or BYLEVEL option to check that the modified LS-means coefficients are the ones you want. It is possible that the modified LS-means are not estimable when the standard ones are, or vice versa. Nonestimable LS-means are noted as "Non-est" in the output. PDIFFis the same as the DIFF option.SINGULAR=numbertunes the estimability checking as documented for the SINGULAR= option in the CONTRAST statement.SLICE= fixed-effectSLICE= (fixed-effects)specifies effects by which to partition interaction LSMEANS effects. This can produce what are known as tests of simple effects (Winer 1971). For example, suppose that A*B is significant, and you want to test the effect of A for each level of B. The appropriate LSMEANS statement is as follows:lsmeans A*B / slice=B;This code tests for the simple main effects of A for B, which are calculated by extracting the appropriate rows from the coefficient matrix for the A*B LS-means and by using them to form an F test. See the section Inference and Test Statistics for more information about this F test.The SLICE option produces a table titled "Tests of Effect Slices." For ODS purposes, the table name is "Slices."

Who invented flow charts?

A short history of structured flowcharts (Nassi-Shneiderman Diagrams) Ben Shneiderman (Draft: May 27, 2003) The fascinating history and evolution of structured flowcharts (usually called Nassi-Shneiderman Diagrams or structograms) goes back to 1972. As a graduate student, I got the idea while attending an ACM organized talk in New York by Michael Jackson on structured programming. If GOTOs were to be avoided, then shouldn't the lines in old flowcharts be avoided as well. Fifteen minutes of sketching led to the first ideas of sequence, conditionals and iteration. Returning to Stony Brook, fellow graduate student Isaac Nassi shaped the ideas based on his more in-depth knowledge of structured programming principles. Together we wrote the original paper, which was quickly rejected for publication in the Communications of the ACM. So we sent it to the unrefereed ACM SIGPLAN (Special Interest Group on Programming Languages) Notices where it appeared in August 1973. Nassi, I. and Shneiderman, B., Flowchart Techniques for Structured Programming, SIGPLAN Notices 8, 8 (August, 1973). Since then it has been referenced thousands of times, spawned dozens of software implementations, been taught in dozens of textbooks, and is a required national standard in some countries. In Germany they are widely used and known as Struktogramme, standardized by DIN 66261 (November 1985), INFORMATION PROCESSING; NASSI-SHNEIDERMAN FLOWCHART SYMBOLS. It's been exciting to see how this idea has spread, how others have extended it (sometimes abused it), and what influence it has had. I think its appeal has to do with its simplicity, originality, and ease of extending and embedding it. For visually oriented users, it provides a compact overview of a program that can show some relationships nicely. On the other hand, it may consume more paper than the code and be harder to scan for some details. I believe it is helpful at early stages of program design for sketching the high-level modular design. For some people it is an aid in guiding thinking about nested conditional structures, in a more visual way than a decision table. Note: unfortunately many citations are to 'Nassi-Schneiderman'. Some recent web references include: StruktoGraaf 3.0StruktoGraaf is a development environment for Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams(Program Structure Diagrams, Struktograms). It is a Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000application. StruktoGraaf lets you create, edit, save, print and even execute PSD's!http://www.sichemsoft.nl/indexuk.htmlThe EASYCODE family evolved over many years through several companies. Early versions include: 1) EasyCODE - CASE Tool Editor for Advanced Nassi Shneiderman Charts (ANSC)http://www.pls-mc.com/deliveringsolutions/maincase.ht 2) EasyCODE V6.8 by BKR: Programming, Maintenance, Development and DocumentationUsing the Nassi-Shneiderman method of structure diagrams to document the logic flow of theprogram, EasyCODE keeps every source code fit. EasyCODE is ideal for engineering,re-engineering of existing source code and documentation. It can handle an incredible varietyof different programming languages from C/C++ to COBOL, from FORTRAN to Basic,from Pascal to Oracle SQL. http://www.eurosoftinc.com/easyc.html Current VersionEASYCODE GmbH (German Headquarters), http://www.easycode.deEASYCODE Inc. (USA Headquarters) http://www.easycode-software.com In it´s heart EasyCODE is still a powerfull graphical editor using the Nassi-Shneiderman structure diagram method to create and display software. Today EasyCODE supports up to 25 programming languages and according to the developer "is one the most common tools for code-analysis, documentation and maintenance purposes. For C/C++ developers, especially in the Embedded Field EasyCODE offers various extensions for project-management, -analysis and quality insurance. With just around 13.000 sold licenses EasyCODE has become the most important Nassi-Shneiderman development tool." Please visit http://www.easycode.de for any further information and free trial versions: EasyCODE V7 has been designed in a modular manner and is used for graphic software development in the form of the "Advanced Nassi-Shneiderman" structured charts. EasyCODE always shows its strength when requirements become complex, maintenance or development projects are to be performed or when post documentation is needed rapidly. Smartdraw diagramming tool includes NSDhttp://www.smartdraw.com/resources/centers/software/nassi.htmMicrosoft Visio includes Nassi-Shneiderman templateshttp://www.microsoft.com/office/visio/ SourceCoder analyzes and profiles Delphi source code, giving developers quantitative code measurements and enabling them to quickly pinpoint problematic areas. SourceCoder automatically creates Nassi-Shneiderman structograms. Screen shots are available.http://href.com/SCODER:0 A brief tutorial and other info is at:http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Way/4748/nsd_home.html There is a neat Java applet that is an editor to make NSDs on the web athttp://www2.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/IMMD-II/Research/Activities/DiaGen/nsd-editor/ The NSD-Editor is a graphical tool to create and edit diagrams of type "Nassi-Shneiderman". The user can manipulate diagrams in a graphical, mouse-driven editor. The editor automatically adjusts the layout of the diagrams depending on its size. The editor can generate source code (C and PASCAL) from diagrams. The current version is running under MS-WINDOWS(TM) and written in Borland DELPHI(TM).http://www-iiuf.unifr.ch/sde/projects/kalt/NSD.html Nassi-Shneiderman on the Webhttp://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/psd.html Program Structure Diagrams-- part of a course given at the University of Twentehttp://wwwis.cs.utwente.nl:8080/dmrg/MEE/misop013/ Generation of Nassi-Shneiderman Diagrams under Unixhttp://www.fz-juelich.de/zam/nassi/ Latex support for NSDhttp://www.educat.hu-berlin.de/~voss/lyx/layouts/nassi.phtml SourceCoder automatically creates Nassi-Shneiderman structogramshttp://www.delphifaq.com/e/scshot2.htmOther references:Pong, Man-chi, A graphical language for concurrent Programming, 1986 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, 26-33. CS Dept at Univ. of Edinburgh. -but work done at Univ. of Kent, Structure charts supported by system called Pigsty. List of textbooks (prepared in 1981) Geller, Dan and Freedman, Dan, Structured Programming in APL, Winthrop Publishers, Cambridge, MA 1978. Haskell, Richard, FORTRAN Programming using Structured Flowcharts, Science Research Associates, 1978. Kieburtz, Richard, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ Structured Programming and Problem Solving with ALGOL W, 1975. Structured Programming and Problem Solving with PL/I, 1977. Structured Programming and Problem Solving with PASCAL, 1978. Merchant, Michael, FORTRAN 77 Language and Style, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA, 1981. Orr, Kenneth, Structured Systems Development, Yourdon Press, New York, 1977. Pollack, Seymour V. and Sterling, Ted, A Guide to PL/I, Third Edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1981. Ruston, Henry, Programming with PL/I, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1978. Weinberg, Gerald, Workbook and films on Structured Programming, Edutronics Films, 1975. Yourdon, Ed, Gane, Chris, and Sarson, Trish, Learning to Program in Structured COBOL, Yourdon Press, New York, 1976. List of references (prepared in 1981) Articles referencing our ideas and making further contributions include: Brooke, J.B. and K.D. Duncan "An experimental study of flowcharts as an aid to identification of procedural faults" ERGONOMICS, Vol. 23, No.4, (1980), 387-399. Brooke, J.B., and K.D. Duncan "Experimental studies of flowchart use at different stages of program debugging" ERGONOMICS, Vol. 23, No. 11, (1980), 1057-1091. Chen, Thomas L.C. "Reflection on the Implementation of a Software Design", IEEE COMPSAC 1979 p. 69-73. Friedman, Daniel P. and Stuart C. Shapiro " A Case for the While-Until", ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 9, No. 7 July 1974. Haskell, Boddy and Jackson "Use of Structured Flowcharts in Undergraduate Computer Science Curriculum" ACM SIGCSE Sixth Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education July 1976. Meredith, Carlisle F., "A structured Graphical Database Modeling Technique", In The Technology of Database Management Systems 3rd Ed., R.A. Bassler and J. J. Logan Editors, College Readings Inc., Alexandria, VA, 1976, 251-164, Roy, Patrick "Linear Flowchart Generator for a Structured Language" ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 11, No. 11 November 1976. Van Gelder, Allen, Structured Programming in COBOL: An Approach for Applications Programmers, Communications of ACM, Vol 20, No. 1 January 1977. Witt, Jan "The COLUMBUS APPROACH" IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering , Vol. SE-1, No. 4 December 1975. Other articles simply reference our work in their discussion. Through personal contacts I am aware of extensive use of our structured flowcharts in Burroughts, IBM, GE, ATT, Bell Labs, Siemens, U.S. Navy and numerous universities. New Chapin has made a series of minor variations on the structured flowchart idea and pretentiously christened them Chapin charts. He writes and lectures extensively on this topic. An excellent review and tutorial article appears in ACM SIGSOFT - Software Engineering Notes, Volume 3, Number 5 (November 1978) which contains papers from a "Software Quality and Assurance Workshop" held in San Diego, CA November 15-17, 1978. The paper, by Cornelia M. Yoder and Marilyn L Schrag (both of IBM Endicott), is titled "Nassi-Shneiderman Charts: An alternative to Flowcharts for Design." This article has been reprinted in the Auerbach Computer Programming Management series.

Is this statement true or false To create unity an artist adjusts elements of the artwork to make them work together and add to the wholeness of the work?

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What is the effect of the options statement errors equals 1?

Who invented flow charts?

To create unit an artist adjusts elements of the artwork to make them work together and add to the wholeness of the work?

To create unity an artist adjusts elements of the artwork to make them work together and add to the wholeness of the work?

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