What is an arithmometer?

Who invented the arithmometer?

It was made by Charles Xavier Thomas Edison De Colmar

Who started the calculating and accounting machines industry?

Charles Xavier Thomas, of France, is credited with starting the calculating and accounting machines industry when he introduced the arithmometer in the 1870s.

When were calculators first mass produced?

the first mass produced calculator is the arithmometer developed by Charles xavier thomas de colmar in 1820 in France. this device performed the same type of computations with leibniz's stepped reckoner but was more reliable

What was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's contribution to mathematics?

Leibniz is well known for his development of calculus independently of Isaac Newton. In the 20th century his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity were found to have mathematical implication and the binary number system was also refined thanks to him. Finally, he invented the Leibniz wheel which is used in the arithmometer. Most of his contributions are to do with both science and mathematics, although he is most known for developing calculus.

How have calculators changed over time?

Calculators have changed drastically the first calculator was an abacus. The Arithmometer (1820) was for add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The Odhner (1875) was made by Odhner who invented a pinwheel calculator which used a hand crank to complete the computation. The Comptometer (1885) was made by Felt, he invented the first calculator using keys to push for number entry and calculations. The Standard calculator (1901) was made by Hopkins who used two rows of five buttons representing the digits 0 through 9 to perform math computations. The standard ten digit keyboard (1911) we use today was made by Sundstrand who brought the design from Sweden to the United States. The first commercial calculators (1914) began entering businesses and the use of calculators began to be popular. We have been modifying calculators a little at a time since then.

Who invented programmable calculator and in what year?

Chronology of calculator developments.YearMajorDevelopmentMechanical CalculatorsElectronic CalculatorsAncient timesThe abacus is the main aid to calculation. c1600"Napier's bones" invented by John Napier for multiplication, based on the ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian lattice. 1620Slide rule. William Gunter developed a logarithmic rule for multiplication and division using dividers, which was the forerunner of the slide rule. 1622William Oughtred invented the circular slide rule, and in 1633 described the rectilinear version. 1623First mechanical calculator. Willhelm Schickard invented the "Calculating Clock", the first mechanical calculator. It used a version of Napier's bones for multiplication with a mechanical adding/subtracting calculator based on gears, with mutilated gears for carry. 1642Blaise Pascal started to develop a mechanical calculator - the Pascaline. Capable of addition, subtraction was performed by nines-complement addition, and multiplication was performed by repeated additions and subtractions. It had shortcomings and failed to sell. c1673Gottfried Leibniz developed the Stepped Reckoner using stepped gear wheels. Performed the 4 functions, but worked erratically due to an error in the carry mechanism, none sold. 1820Charles Xavier Thomas's Arithmometer. 1851Victor Schilt exhibited a key-driven adding machine at the Crystal Palace Exposition in London. 1853The Scheutz Difference Engine completed: the world's first printing calculator. 1872Start of period of development of commercially successful mechanical calculators. Frank Baldwin in the USA invents the pin-wheel calculator. 1874W.T. Odhner in Sweden independently develops the pin-wheel calculator, the first of the long series of Odhner calculators . Since then, many calculating machines have used the same principle. 1878The first direct multiplication machine was built by Raymond Verea. 1884Dorr E. Felt invents theComptometer, the first succesfull key-driven adding and calculating machine. In 1886 he joined with Robert Tarrant to form the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company which went on to make thousands of Comptometers . 1891William S. Burroughs began commercial manufacture of his printing adding calculator. 1893Millionaire calculator introduced. It allowed direct multiplication by any digit - "one turn of the crank for each figure in the multiplier". 1902The Dalton adding-listing machine was the first of its type to use only ten keys - first 10-key add-lister. 1900-1975Steady development of mechanical calculators - size reduction, electric motor drive, added features (eg. automatic multiplication & division). Madas 20BZS , a typical electrically driven, stepped-gear calculator with automatic multiplication and division. 1948Curta miniature hand-held mechanical calculator introduced. One of the few major innovations in mechanical calculators in the mid 20th century. 1961The first electronic desktop calculators. They use vacuum tubes. The world's first electronic desktop calculators were announced by the Bell Punch Co., Uxbridge, England - theAnita Mk VII for the continental European market and theAnita Mk 8 for other markets. These models used cold-cathode vacuum tubes and numerical display ("Nixie" type) tubes. 1962Development work on transistorised desktop calculators. The Philips company shows prototype 3-function (no division) transistor desk calculator and electronic "Comptometer" type machines. These were to demonstrate what could be achieved with Philips semiconductors and were not sold commercially 1963-1964First commercial transistorised desktop calculators. First commercial all-transistor desktop calculators: Friden EC130 & EC132 , Mathatron, IME 84 , Sharp CS10A . Prices comparable to that of family cars. 1965Start of development of hand-held electronic calculators. Texas Instruments starts development work on a hand-held calculator - the"Cal-Tech". 1969First battery powered, hand-held, electronic calculator. First calculator using just LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips - Sharp QT-8D , with ICs by Rockwell. Size & weight much reduced, calculator now portable. First battery powered, hand-held calculator - Sharp QT-8B . Green fluorescent tube displays introduced . 1970Hand-held calculators take off. First shirt pocket sized electronic calculator. All very expensive. Some of the first hand-held calculators:Canon Pocketronic , Sanyo ICC-0081 , Sharp EL-8 , but very expensive. First use of "calculator on a chip" introduced by Mostek of Dallas - used in Busicom Junior (desk calculator) and allows the production of the first shirt pocket sized electronic calculator, the Busicom LE-120A . First use of LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays used in Busicom LE-120A. 1971First calculator to use a microprocessor. First microprocessor - Intel 4004 - was designed for and used in Busicom 141-PF desk calculator. 1972Rapid development of electronic calculators, and reduction in price. First scientific pocket calculator introduced - Hewlet-Packard HP35 . Ultra-thin Sinclair Executive launched. Many new companies entering the calculator business and prices dropping rapidly. LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) displays appear briefly in a version giving silver-reflective numbers, including:Lloyds Accumatic 100 , Rapidman 1208LC . The Sharp EL-801 sees the first use of C-MOS (Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor) integrated circuits in a calculator. 1973First Sharp "COS" (Crystal on Substrate) reflective LCD calculators, including EL-805S . 1974Texas Instruments awarded patent for "miniature electronic calculator", based on the "CalTech" (see 1965). The Hewlett Packard HP65 is the first hand-held programmable calculator. 1975Mechanical calculator manufacture has practically ceased.Mass production makes electronic calculators very cheap. Mechanical calculator sales practically zero. Price of basic pocket calculators now very low, many companies leave the market due to lack of profits. 1976LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) displays (with black numbers) taking over from red LED (Light Emitting Diode) and green fluorescent tube displays in calculators due to their very low power consumption, large numbers, and high contrast. 1978First solar-powered and first credit card sized calculators. The first solar powered calculators were introduced, the Royal Solar 1, Teal Photon , and Sharp EL-8028. The Casio Mini Card LC-78 is the first credit card sized calculator. 1980First hand-held computer The Sharp PC1211 / Tandy TRS80 PC-1 is the first hand-held computer; it has a QWERTY keypad and runs the BASIC language.

What are the seven earliest computer device?

= A Brief History of Computing- Mechanical Computing Devices = © Copyright 1996-2005, Stephen White 500 B.C. The abacus was first used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic at sometime around this date. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 1300 A.D. 1623 Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635), of Tuebingen, Wuerttemberg (now in Germany), made a "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine was capable of adding and subtracting up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. Operations were carried out by wheels, and a complete revolution of the units wheel incremented the tens wheel in much the same way counters on old cassette deck worked. The machine and plans were lost and forgotten in the war that was going on, then rediscovered in 1935, only to be lost in war again, and then finally rediscovered in 1956 by the same man (Franz Hammer)! The machine was reconstructed in 1960, and found to be workable. Schickard was a friend of the astronomer Johannes Kepler since they met in the winter of 1617. 1625 William Oughtred (1575-1660) invented the slide rule. 1642 French mathematician, Blaise Pascal built a mechanical adding machine (the "Pascaline"). Despite being more limited than Schickard's 'Calculating Clock' (see 1623), Pascal's machine became far more well known. He was able to sell around a dozen of his machines in various forms, coping with up to 8 digits. 1668 Sir Samuel Morland (1625-1695), of England, produces a non decimal adding machine, suitable for use with English money. Instead of a carry mechanism, it registers carries on auxiliary dials, from which the user must re-enter them as addends. 1671 German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz designed a machine to carry out multiplication, the 'Stepped Reckoner'. It can multiple number of up to 5 and 12 digits to give a 16 digit operand. The machine was later lost in an attic until 1879. Leibniz was also the co-inventor of calculus. 1775 Charles, the third Earl Stanhope, of England, makes a successful multiplying calculator similar to Leibniz's. 1776 Mathieus Hahn, somewhere in what will be Germany, also makes a successful multiplying calculator that he started in 1770. 1786 J. H. Mueller, of the Hessian army, conceives the idea of what came to be called a "difference engine". That's a special purpose calculator for tabulating values of a polynomial, given the differences between certain values so that the polynomial is uniquely specified; it's useful for any function that can be approximated by a polynomial over suitable intervals. Mueller's attempt to raise funds fails and the project is forgotten. 1801 Joseph-Maire Jacuard developed an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785-1870), of France, makes his "Arithmometer", the first mass-produced calculator. It does multiplication using the same general approach as Leibniz's calculator; with assistance from the user it can also do division. It is also the most reliable calculator yet. Machines of this general design, large enough to occupy most of a desktop, continue to be sold for about 90 years. 1822 Charles Babbage (1792-1871) designed his first mechanical computer, the first prototype for the difference engine. Babbage invented 2 machines the Analytical Engine (a general purpose mathematical device, see 1834) and the Difference Engine (a re-invention of Mueller's 1786 machine for solving polynomials), both machines were too complicated to be built (although attempt was made in 1832) - but the theories worked. The analytical engine (outlined in 1833) involved many processes similar to the early electronic computers - notably the use of punched cards for input. 1832 Babbage and Joseph Clement produce a prototype segment of his difference engine, which operates on 6-digit numbers and 2nd-order differences (i.e. can tabulate quadratic polynomials). The complete engine, which would be room-sized, is planned to be able to operate both on 6th-order differences with numbers of about 20 digits, and on 3rd-order differences with numbers of 30 digits. Each addition would be done in two phases, the second one taking care of any carries generated in the first. The output digits would be punched into a soft metal plate, from which a plate for a printing press could be made. But there are various difficulties, and no more than this prototype piece is ever assembled. 1834 George Scheutz, of Stockholm, produces a small difference engine in wood, after reading a brief description of Babbage's project. 1834 Babbage conceives, and begins to design, his "Analytical Engine". The program was stored on read-only memory, specifically in the form of punch cards. Babbage continues to work on the design for years, though after about 1840 the changes are minor. The machine would operate on 40-digit numbers; the "mill" (CPU) would have 2 main accumulators and some auxiliary ones for specific purposes, while the "store" (memory) would hold perhaps 100 more numbers. There would be several punch card readers, for both programs and data; the cards would be chained and the motion of each chain could be reversed. The machine would be able to perform conditional jumps. There would also be a form of microcoding: the meaning of instructions would depend on the positioning of metal studs in a slotted barrel, called the "control barrel". The machine would do an addition in 3 seconds and a multiplication or division in 2-4 minutes. 1842 Babbage's difference engine project is officially cancelled. (The cost overruns have been considerable, and Babbage is spending too much time on redesigning the Analytical Engine.) 1843 Scheutz and his son Edvard Scheutz produce a 3rd-order difference engine with printer, and the Swedish government agrees to fund their next development. 1847 Babbage designs an improved, simpler difference engine, a project which took 2 years. The machine could operate on 7th-order differences and 31-digit numbers, but nobody is interested in paying to have it built. (In 1989-91, however, a team at London's Science Museum will do just that. They will use components of modern construction, but with tolerances no better than Clement could have provided... and, after a bit of tinkering and detail-debugging, they will find that the machine does indeed work.) 1853 To Babbage's delight, the Scheutzes complete the first full-scale difference engine, which they call a Tabulating Machine. It operates on 15-digit numbers and 4th-order differences, and produces printed output as Babbage's would have. A second machine is later built to the same design by the firm of Brian Donkin of London. 1858 The first Tabulating Machine (see 1853) is bought by the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, and the second one by the British government. The Albany machine is used to produce a set of astronomical tables; but the observatory's director is then fired for this extravagant purchase, and the machine is never seriously used again, eventually ending up in a museum. The second machine, however, has a long and useful life. 1871 Babbage produces a prototype section of the Analytical Engine's mill and printer. 1878 Ramon Verea, living in New York City, invents a calculator with an internal multiplication table; this is much faster than the shifting carriage or other digital methods. He isn't interested in putting it into production; he just wants to show that a Spaniard can invent as well as an American. 1879 A committee investigates the feasibility of completing the Analytical Engine and concludes that it is impossible now that Babbage is dead. The project is then largely forgotten, though Howard Aiken is a notable exception. 1885 A multiplying calculator more compact than the Arithmometer enters mass production. The design is the independent, and more or less simultaneous, invention of Frank S. Baldwin, of the United States, and T. Odhner, a Swede living in Russia. The fluted drums are replaced by a "variable-toothed gear" design: a disk with radial pegs that can be made to protrude or retract from it. 1886 Dorr E. Felt (1862-1930), of Chicago, makes his "Comptometer". This is the first calculator where the operands are entered merely by pressing keys rather than having to be, for example, dialled in. It is feasible because of Felt's invention of a carry mechanism fast enough to act while the keys return from being pressed. 1889 Felt invents the first printing desk calculator. 1890 1890 U.S. census. The 1880 census took 7 years to complete since all processing was done by hand off of journal sheets. The increasing population suggested that by the 1890 census the data processing would take longer than the 10 years before the next census - so a competition was held to try to find a better method. This was won by a Census Department employee, Herman Hollerith - who went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company (see 1911), later to become IBM. Herman borrowed Babbage's idea of using the punched cards (see 1801) from the textile industry for the data storage. This method was used in the 1890 census, the result (62,622,250 people) was released in just 6 weeks! This storage allowed much more in-depth analysis of the data and so, despite being more efficient, the 1890 census cost about double (actually 198%) that of the 1880 census. 1892 William S. Burroughs (1857-1898), of St. Louis, invents a machine similar to Felt's (see 1886) but more robust, and this is the one that really starts the mechanical office calculator industry. 1906 Henry Babbage, Charles's son, with the help of the firm of R. W. Munro, completes the mill of his father's Analytical Engine, just to show that it would have worked. It does. The complete machine is never produced. 1938 Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) of Berlin, with some assistance from Helmut Schreyer, completes a prototype mechanical binary programmable calculator, the first binary calculator it is based on Boolean Algebra (see 1848). Originally called the "V1" but retroactively renamed "Z1" after the war. It works with floating point numbers having a 7-bit exponent, 16-bit mantissa, and a sign bit. The memory uses sliding metal parts to store 16 such numbers, and works well; but the arithmetic unit is less successful. The program is read from punched tape -- not paper tape, but discarded 35 mm movie film. Data values can be entered from a numeric keyboard, and outputs are displayed on electric lamps. 1939 Zuse and Schreyer begin work on the "V2" (later "Z2"), which will marry the Z1's existing mechanical memory unit to a new arithmetic unit using relay logic. The project is interrupted for a year when Zuse is drafted, but then released. (Zuse is a friend of Wernher von Braun, who will later develop the *other* "V2", and after that, play a key role in the US space program.)---- © Copyright 1996-2004, Stephen White My homepage - email:swhite@ox.compsoc.net

List of inventors and their inventions?

A* Bruno Abakanowicz, (1852-1900), Poland/Lithuania/Russia/France - Integraph, spirograph, parabolagraph* Vitaly Abalakov, (1906-1986), Russia - camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor* Hovannes Adamian, (1879-1932), Armenia/Russia - tricolor principle of the color television* Robert Adler, (1913-2007), Austria/United States - wireless remote control* Turhan Alçelik (c. 2006), Turkey - non-glaring headlamp* Anatoly Alexandrov, (1903-1994), Russia - anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)* Alexandre Alexeieff, (1901-1982) Russia/France - pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)* Rostislav Alexeyev, (1916-1980), Russia - ekranoplan* Zhores Alferov, (1930), Russia - heterotransistor, continuous-wave-operating diode laser (together with Dmitri Garbuzov)* Genrich Altshuller, (1926-1998), Russia - TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")* Mary Anderson, (1866-1953), United States - windshield wiper blade* Vasily Andreyev, (1861-1918), Russia - standard balalaika* Oleg Antonov, (1906-1984), Russia - An-series aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft An-225)* Nicolas Appert, (1749-1841), France - canning (airtight food preservation)* Archimedes, (c. 287-212 BC), Greece - Archimedes' screw* Ami Argand, (1750-1803), France - Argand lamp* Edwin H. Armstrong,(1890-1954), U.S. - FM radio* William George Armstrong, (1810-1900), UK - hydraulic crane* Neil Arnott, (1788-1874), UK - waterbed* Lev Artsimovich, (1909-1973), Russia - tokamak* Al-Ashraf, (fl. 1282-1296), Yemen - dry compass* Joseph Aspdin, (1788-1855), England - Portland cement* John Vincent Atanasoff, (1903-1995), United States - modern programmable computerB* Georgy Babakin, (1914-1971), Russia - first soft landing space vehicle (Luna 9)* Charles Babbage, (1791-1871), UK - analytical engine (semi-automatic computer)* Roger Bacon, (1214-1292), England - magnifying glass* Leo Baekeland, (1863-1944), Belgian-American - Velox photographic paper and Bakelite* Ralph H. Baer, (1922-), German born American - video game console* Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, (1162-1231), Iraq/Egypt - ventilator* John Logie Baird, (1888-1946), Scotland - an electromechanical television, electronic color television* Ibn al-Baitar, (d. 1248), Islamic Spain - three hundred drugs and foods, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, Hindiba, pharmacopoeia* Abi Bakr of Isfahan, (c. 1235), Persia/Iran - mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar analog computer* Donat Banki, (1859-1922), Hungary - inventor of the carburetor* Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, (1888-1944), Ukraine/Russia/France - Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage* John Bardeen, (1908-1991), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistor* Vladimir Barmin, (1909-1993), Russia - first rocket launch complex (spaceport)* Anthony R. Barringer, Canada/U.S. - INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic system* Earl W. Bascom, (1906-1995), Canada/U.S. - side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chaps* Nikolay Basov, (1922-2001), Russia - co-inventor of laser and maser* Ibn Bassal, (fl.1038-1075), Islamic Spain - flywheel, flywheel-driven noria, flywheel-driven saqiya chain pump* Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria/Turkey - observation tube* Eugen Baumann, (1846-1896), Germany - PVC* Trevor Baylis, (1937-), UK - a wind-up radio* Francis Beaufort, (1774-1857), France - Beaufort scale* Ernest Beaux, (1881-1961), Russia/France - Chanel No. 5* Arnold O. Beckman, (1900-2004), U.S. - pH meter* Ulugh Beg, 1394-1449, Persia/Iran - Fakhri sextant, mural sextant* Vladimir Bekhterev, (1857-1927), Russia - Bekhterev's Mixture* Alexander Graham Bell, (1847-1922), Canada, Scotland, and U.S. - telephone* Karl Benz, (1844-1929), Germany - the petrol-powered automobile* Alexander Bereznyak, (1912-1974), Russia - first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)* Georgy Beriev, (1903-1979), Georgia/Russia - Be-series amphibious aircraft* Emile Berliner, (1851-1929), Germany and U.S. - the disc record gramophone* Nikolay Benardos, (1842-1905), Russia - arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)* Tim Berners-Lee, (1955-), UK - with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide Web* Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, (955-996), Egypt - airmail, homing pigeon* Bi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇), (ca. 990-1051), China - clay movable type printing* Laszlo Biro, (1899-1985), Hungary - modern ballpoint pen* Clarence Birdseye, (1886-1956), U.S. - frozen food process* Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, (973-1048), Persia/Iran - mechanical geared lunisolar calendar analog computer, fixed-wired knowledge processing machine, conical measure, laboratory flask, Orthographical astrolabe, hodometer, pycnometer* J. Stuart Blackton, (1875-1941), U.S. - stop-motion film* Otto Blathy (1860-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogenerator* Fyodor Blinov, (1827-1902), Russia - first tracked vehicle, steam-powered continuous track tractor* Katharine B. Blodgett, (1898-1979), UK - nonreflective glass* Alan Blumlein, (1903-1942), England - stereo* Nils Bohlin, (1920-2002), Sweden - the three-point seat belt* Joseph-Armand Bombardier, (1907-1964), Canada - snowmobile* Sam Born, Russia/U.S. - lollipop-making machine* Jagdish Chandra Bose, (1858-1937), India - Crescograph* George de Bothezat, (1882-1940), Russia/U.S. - quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus)* Robert W. Bower, (1936-), U.S. - self-aligned-gate MOSFET* Seth Boyden, (1788-1870), U.S. - nail-making machine* Walter Houser Brattain, (1902-1987), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistor* Louis Braille, (1809-1852), France - the Braille writing system* Karl Ferdinand Braun, (1850-1918), Germany - cathode-ray tube oscilloscope* Harry Brearley, (1871-1948), UK - stainless steel* Sergey Brin, (1973-), Russia/U.S. - with Larry Page invented Google web search engine* Mikhail Britnev, (1822-1889), Russia - first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot)* Rachel Fuller Brown, (1898-1980), U.S., Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibiotic* John Moses Browning, (1855-1926), U.S. - automatic handgun* Maria Christina Bruhn, (1732-1802), Sweden* Nikolay Brusentsov, (born 1925), Russia - ternary computer (Setun)* Edwin Beard Budding, (1795-1846), UK - lawnmower* Gersh Budker, (1918-1977), Russia - electron cooling, co-inventor of collider* Corliss Orville Burandt, U.S. - Variable valve timing* Henry Burden,(1791-1871) Scotland and U.S.- Horseshoe machine (made 60 horse shoes in a minute), first usable Iron Railed road spike, and builder of the most powerful waterwheel in history "Niagara of Water-Wheels"* Richard James Burgess, U.K. - Simmons (electronic drum company), co-inventor of SDS5 drum synthesizer* Aleksandr Butlerov, (1828-1886), Russia - hexamine, formaldehydeC* Robert Cailliau, (1947-), Belgium - with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web* C`ai Lun, 蔡倫 (50-121 AD), China - paper* Marvin Camras, (1916-1995), U.S. - magnetic recording* Chester Carlson, (1906-1968), U.S. - Xerography* Wallace Carothers, (1896-1937), U.S. - Nylon* Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, (fl.1630-1632), Turkey - long-distance flight, artificial wings* Lagari Hasan Celebi, (1633), Turkey - first manned rocket flight* Joseph Constantine Carpue, (1764-1846), France - rhinoplastic surgery* George Cayley, (1773-1857), UK - glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar track* Roxey Ann Caplin, (1793-1888), UK - Corsets* Dennis Charter, (1952-), Australia - secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafe* Vladimir Chelomey, (1914-1984), Russia - first space station (Salyut), Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)* Pavel Cherenkov, (1904-1990), Russia - Cherenkov detector* Adrian Chernoff, (1971-), U.S. - GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber Bandits* Evgeniy Chertovsky, (1902-), Russia - pressure suit* Alexander Chizhevsky, (1897-1964), Russia - air ionizer* Andrey Chokhov, (c. 1545-1629), Russia - Tsar Cannon* Niels Christensen (1865-1952), U.S. - O-ring* Samuel Hunter Christie, (1784-1865), UK - Wheatstone bridge* Juan de la Cierva, (1895-1936), Spain - the autogyro* Alexandru Ciurcu, (1854-1922), Romania - Reaction engine* Georges Claude, (1870-1960), France - neon lamp* Henri Coandă, (1886-1972), Romania - Jet engine* Josephine Cochrane, (1839-1913), U.S. - dishwasher* Christopher Cockerell, (1910-1999), UK - Hovercraft* Aeneas Coffey, (1780-1852), Ireland - heat exchanger, Coffey still* Sir Henry Cole, (1808-1882), England - Christmas card* Samuel Colt, (1814-1862), U.S. - Revolver* George Constantinescu, (1881-1965), Romania - Interrupter gear* Lloyd Groff Copeman, (1865-1956), U.S. - Electric stove* Cornelis Corneliszoon, (1550-1607), The Netherlands - sawmill* Jacques Cousteau, (1910-1997), France - co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater camera* Thomas Crapper, (1836-1910), England - ballcock (toilet valve)* Bartolomeo Cristofori, (1655-1731), Italy - piano* János Csonka, (1852-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of carburetor* Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (1725-1804), France - first steam-powered road vehicle* William Cumberland Cruikshank, (1745-1800), UK - chlorinated water* William Cullen, (1710-1790), UK - first artificial refrigerator* Glenn Curtiss, (1878-1930), U.S. - aileronsD* Gustaf Dalén, (1869-1937), Sweden - AGA cooker; Dalén light; Agamassan* Salvino D'Armate, (1258-1312), Italy - credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284* Corradino D'Ascanio, (1891-1981), Italy - D'AT3 helicopter; Vespa scooter* Jacob Davis, (1868-1908), U.S. - riveted jeans* Edmund Davy, (1785-1857), Ireland - acetylene* Humphry Davy, (1778-1829), UK - Davy miners lamp* Joseph Day, (1855-1946), UK - the crankcase-compression two-stroke engine* Lee DeForest, (1873-1961), U.S. - triode* Vasily Degtyaryov, (1880-1949), Russia - first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat* Akinfiy Demidov, (1678-1745), Russia - co-developer of rebar, cast iron dome, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk)* Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, (1927-2006), Russia - 3D holography* Miksa Deri (1854-1938), Hungary - co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformer* James Dewar, (1842-1923), UK - Thermos flask* Aleksandr Dianin, (1851-1918), Russia - Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound* William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860-1935), UK - motion picture camera* Philip Diehl, (1847-1913), U.S. - Ceiling fan, electric sewing machine* Rudolf Diesel, (1858-1913), Germany - Diesel engine* Al-Dinawari, (828-896), Persia/Iran - more than a hundred plant drugs* William H. Dobelle, (1943-2004), United States - first functioning artificial eye* Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, (1862-1919),Poland/Russia - three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)* Nikolay Dollezhal, (1899-2000),Russia - AM-1 reactor for the 1st nuclear power plant, other RBMK reactors, VVER pressurized water reactors* Bryan Donkin, (1768-1855), UK - print industry composition roller* Hub van Doorne, (1900-1979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmission* Anastase Dragomir, (1896-1966), Romania - Ejection seat* Karl Drais, (1785-1851), Germany - dandy horse (Draisine)* Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), The Netherlands - first navigable submarine* Richard Drew, (1899-1980), U.S. - Masking tape* John Boyd Dunlop, (1840-1921) UK - first practical pneumatic tyre* Cyril Duquet, (1841-1922) Canada - Telephone handset* Alexey Dushkin, (1904-1977), Russia - deep column station* James Dyson, (1947- ) UK - Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.E* George Eastman, (1854-1932), U.S. - roll film* Thomas Edison, (1847-1931), U.S. - phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, stock ticker, ticker-tape machine etc.* Willem Einthoven, (1860-1927), The Netherlands - the electrocardiogram* Ivan Elmanov, Russia - first monorail (horse-drawn)* Rune Elmqvist, (1906-1996), Sweden - implantable pacemaker* Douglas Engelbart, (1925-), U.S. - the computer mouse [1]* John Ericsson, (1803-1889), Sweden - the two screw-propeller* Lars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), Sweden - the handheld micro telephone* Ole Evinrude, (1877-1934), Norway - outboard motorF* Peter Carl Fabergé, (1846-1920), Russia - Fabergé Eggs* Samuel Face, (1923-2001), U.S. - concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning Switch* Michael Faraday, (1791-1867), England - electric transformer, electric motor* Johann Maria Farina, (1685-1766), Germany; Eau de Cologne* Philo Farnsworth, (1906-1971), U.S. - electronic television* Muhammad al-Fazari, (d. 796/806), Persia/Iran/Iraq - brass astrolabe* James Fergason, (1934-), U.S. - improved liquid crystal display* Enrico Fermi, (1901-1954), Italy - nuclear reactor* Humberto Fernández Morán, (1924-1999), Venezuela - Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtome* Reginald Fessenden, (1866-1932), Canada - two-way radio* Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick, (1829-1901), Germany - contact lens* Fatima al-Fihri, (c. 859), Tunisia/Morocco - university* Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), (810-887), Al-Andalus - eye glasses, artificial wings, watch, fused quartz and silica glass, artificial thunder and lightning, metronome* Artur Fischer, (1919-) Germany - fasteners including fischertechnik.* Gerhard Fischer, Germany/U.S. - hand-held metal detector* Nicolas Florine, (1891-1972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium - first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely* Robert Fulton, (1765-1815), United States - first commercially successful steamboat, first practical submarine* Alexander Fleming, (1881-1955), Scotland - penicillin* John Ambrose Fleming, (1848-1945), England - vacuum diode* Sandford Fleming, (1827-1915), Canada - Universal Standard Time* Tommy Flowers, (1905-1998), England - Colossus an early electronic computer.* Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, (1819-1868), France - Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy current* Benoît Fourneyron, (1802-1867), France - water turbine* John Fowler, (1826-1864), England - steam-driven ploughing engine* Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), U.S. - the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica* Augustin-Jean Fresnel, (1788-1827), France - Fresnel lens* William Friese-Greene, (1855-1921), England - cinematography* Buckminster Fuller, (1895-1983), U.S. - geodesic dome* Ivan Fyodorov, (c. 1510-1583), Russia/Poland-Lithuania - invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia* Svyatoslav Fyodorov, (1927-2000), Russia - radial keratotomy* Vladimir Fyodorov, (1874-1966), Russia - Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)G* Dennis Gabor, (1900-1979), UK - holography* Boris Borisovich Galitzine, (1862-1916), Russia - electromagnetic seismograph* Dmitri Garbuzov, (1940-2006), Russia/U.S. - continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers* Elmer R. Gates, (1859-1923), USA - foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")* Richard J. Gatling, (1818-1903), U.S. - wheat drill, first successful machine gun* Georgy Gause, (1910-1986), Russia - gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics* E. K. Gauzen, Russia - three bolt equipment (early diving costume)* Hans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882-1945), Germany - Geiger counter* Andrey Geim, (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom - graphene* Nestor Genko, (1839-1904), Russia - Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)* Henri Giffard, (1825-1882), France - powered airship, injector* Valentyn Glushko, (1908-1989), Russia - hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170)* Heinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany - incandescent lamp* Leonid Gobyato, (1875-1915), Russia - first modern man-portable mortar* Robert Goddard, (1882-1945), U.S. - liquid fuel rocket* Igor Gorynin, (1926), Russia - weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminum alloys, radiation-hardened steels* Peter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary - vinyl record (LP), CBS color television* Charles Goodyear, (1800-1860), U.S. - vulcanization of rubber* Gordon Gould, (1920-2005), U.S. - co-inventor of laser* Richard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England - ship's hull and rigging* Boris Grabovsky, (1901-1966), Russia - cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube* Bette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), U.S. - Liquid Paper* James Henry Greathead, (1844-1896), South Africa - tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield technique* Chester Greenwood, (1858-1937), U.S. - thermal earmuffs* James Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland - Gregorian telescope* William Robert Grove, (1811-1896), Wales - fuel cell* Otto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany - vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeter* Mikhail Gurevich, (1893-1976), Russia - MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)* Hakan Gürsu, (c. 2007), Turkey - Volitan* Johann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s-1468), Germany - movable type printing press* Samuel Guthrie, (1782-1848), U.S. - discovered chloroformH* John Hadley, (1682-1744), England - Octant* Waldemar Haffkine, (1860-1930), Russia/Switzerland - first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccines* Tracy Hall, (1919-2008 ), U.S. - synthetic diamond* Christopher Hansteen, (1783-1873), Norway - discovery of terrestrial magnetism* James Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England - spinning jenny* John Harington, (1561-1612), England - the flush toilet* John Harrison, (1693-1776), England - marine chronometer* Victor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden - invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera* Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (965-1039), Iraq - camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass* Robert A. Heinlein, (1907-1988), U.S. - waterbed* Jozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia - the water pillar* Rudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany - the Hellschreiber* Joseph Henry, (1797-1878), Scotland/U.S. - electromagnetic relay* Heron, (c. 10-70), Roman Egypt - usually credited with invention of the aeolipile, although it may have been described a century earlier* John Herschel, (1792-1871), England - photographic fixer (hypo)* William Herschel, (1738-1822), England - infrared* Heinrich Hertz, (1857-1894), Germany - radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation* George de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary - radioactive tracer* Rowland Hill, (1795-1879), UK - postage stamp* Maurice Hilleman (1919-2005) vaccines agains childhood diseases* Felix Hoffmann (Bayer), (1868-1949), Germany - Aspirin* Herman Hollerith, (1860-1929), U.S. - recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cards* Nick Holonyak, (1928- ), U.S. - LED (Light Emitting Diode)* Robert Hooke, (1635-1703), England - balance wheel, iris diaphragm* Erna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), U.S. - computerized telephone switching system* Frank Hornby, (1863-1936), England - invented Meccano* Coenraad Johannes van Houten, (1801-1887), Netherlands - cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milk* Elias Howe, (1819-1867), U.S. - sewing machine* Muhammad Husayn, (fl.17th century), Persia/Iran - cartographic Qibla indicator with sundial and compass* Christiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), Netherlands - pendulum clock* John Wesley Hyatt, (1837-1920), U.S. - celluloid manufacturing.I* Sumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan - Carbon nanotubes* Gavriil Ilizarov, (1921-1992), Russia - Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis* Sergey Ilyushin, (1894-1977), Russia - Il-series aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)* János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary - noiseless match* Aleksei Isaev, (1908-1971), Russia - first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)J* Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber), (c. 1100-1150), Islamic Spain - portable celestial globe* Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), (c. 721-815), Persia/Iran - pure distillation, liquefaction, purification, retort, mineral acids, nitric and sulfuric acids, hydrochloric acid, aqua regia, alum, alkali, borax, pure sal ammoniac, lead carbonatic, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, pure mercury and sulfur, plated mail* Moritz von Jacobi, (1801-1874), Germany/Russia - electrotyping, electric boat* Karl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany - aeroplane* Al-Jazari, (1136-1206), Iraq - crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkage* Ibn Al-Jazzar (Algizar), (c. 898-980), Tunisia - sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugs* György Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary - turboprop* Charles Francis Jenkins, (1867-1934) - television and movie projector (Phantoscope)* Carl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden - Gauge blocks* Johan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden - the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner* Nancy Johnson, U.S. - American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)* Scott A. Jones, (1960-), U.S. - created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine.* Whitcomb Judson, (1836-1909), U.S. - zipper[edit] K* Mikhail Kalashnikov, (1919-), Russia - AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (the most produced ever)[1]* Dean Kamen, (1951-), U.S. - Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device* Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), Netherlands - liquify helium* Nikolay Kamov, (1902-1973), Russia - armored battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters* Pyotr Kapitsa, (1894-1984), Russia - first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions* Georgii Karpechenko, (1899-1941), Russia - rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)* Jamshīd al-Kāshī, (c. 1380-1429), Persia/Iran - plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computer* Yevgeny Kaspersky, (1965-), Russia - Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products* Adolphe Kégresse, (1879-1943), France/Russia - Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual clutch transmission* Mstislav Keldysh, (1911-1978), Latvia/Russia - co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Tikhonravov* John Harvey Kellogg, (1852-1943), cornflake breakfasts* John George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary - co-inventor of BASIC* Alexander Kemurdzhian, (1921-2003), Russia - first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)* Kerim Kerimov, (1917-2003), Azerbaijan and Russia - co-developer of human spaceflight, space dock, space station* Charles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), U.S. - invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more* Khalid, (fl.9th century), Ethiopia - coffee* Fazlur Khan, (1929-1982), Bangladesh - structural systems for high-rise skyscrapers* Yulii Khariton, (1904-1996), Russia - chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb* Anatoly Kharlampiev, (1906-1979), Russia - Sambo (martial art)* Al-Khazini, (fl.1115-1130), Persia/Iran - hydrostatic balance* Konstantin Khrenov, (1894-1984), Russia - underwater welding* Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 940-1000), Persia/Iran - astronomical sextant* Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), Persia/Iran - modern algebra, mural instrument, horary quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow square* Erhard Kietz, (1909-1982), Germany & U.S.A. - patented signal improvements for video transmissions Erhard Kietz Patents* Jack Kilby, (1923-2005), U.S. - patented the first integrated circuit* Al-Kindi (Alkindus), (801-873), Iraq/Yemen - ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis* Fritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany - vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride* Margaret E. Knight, (1838-1914), U.S. - machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags* Ivan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Armenia/Russia - capron, Nylon 6, polyamide-6* Robert Koch, (1843-1910), Germany - method for culturing bacteria on solid media* Willem Johan Kolff, (1911-2009), Netherlands - artificial kidney hemodialysis machine* Rudolf Kompfner, (1909-1977), U.S. - Traveling-wave tube* Konstantin Konstantinov, (1817 or 1819-1871), Russia - device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine* Sergey Korolyov, (1907-1966), Ukraine/Russia - first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok program (including the first human spaceflight)* Nikolai Korotkov, (1874-1920), Russia - auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement* Semen Korsakov, (1787-1853), Russia - punched card for information storage* Mikhail Koshkin, (1898-1940), Russia - T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II[2]* Ognjeslav Kostović, (1851-1916), Serbia/Russia - arborite (high-strength plywood, an early plastic)* Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia - knapsack parachute, drogue parachute* Alexei Krylov, (1863-1945), Russia - gyroscopic damping of ships* Ivan Kulibin, (1735-1818), Russia - egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing, an early optical telegraph* Igor Kurchatov, (1903-1960), Russia - first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships* Raymond Kurzweil, (1948-), Optical character recognition; flatbed scanner* Stephanie Kwolek, (1923-), U.S. - Kevlar* John Howard Kyan (1774-1850), Ireland - The process of Kyanization used for wood preservationL* Dmitry Lachinov, (1842-1902), Russia - mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, elecrolyser* René Laënnec, (1781-1826), France - stethoscope* Lala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe* Georges Lakhovsky, (1869-1942), Russia/U.S. - Multiple Wave Oscillator* Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and U.S. - Spread spectrum radio* Edwin H. Land, (1909-1991), U.S. - Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera* Samuel P. Langley, (1834-1906), U.S. - bolometer* Irving Langmuir, (1851-1957), U.S. - gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding* Lewis Latimer, (1848-1928), - Invented the modern day light bulb* Gustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden - invented the milk separator and the milking machine* Semyon Lavochkin, (1900-1960), Russia - La-series aircraft, first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut* John Bennet Lawes, (1814-1900), England - superphosphate or chemical fertilizer* Nikolai Lebedenko, Russia - Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history* Sergei Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia - commercially viable synthetic rubber* Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), Netherlands - development of the microscope* Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (1822-1900), Belgium - internal combustion engine, motorboat* R. G. LeTourneau, (1888-1969), U.S.- electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapers* Willard Frank Libby, (1908-1980), U.S. - radiocarbon dating* Justus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany - nitrogen-based fertilizer* Otto Lilienthal, (1848-1896), Germany - hang glider* Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden - Kerosene stove operated by compressed air* Hans Lippershey, (1570-1619), Netherlands - telescope* Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, Russia - samovar (the first documented makers)* William Howard Livens, (1889-1964), England - chemical warfare - Livens Projector.* Alexander Lodygin, (1847-1923), Russia - electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament* Mikhail Lomonosov, (1711-1765), Russia - night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-invented smalt* Yury Lomonosov, (1876-1952), Russia/United Kingdom - first successful mainline diesel locomotive* Aleksandr Loran, (1849 - after 1911), Russia - fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher* Oleg Losev, (1903-1942), Russia - light-emitting diode, crystadine* Archibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain - Pioneer of radio guidance systems* Auguste and Louis Lumière, France - Cinématographe* Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, (1909-2001), Russia - Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project* Ignacy Łukasiewicz, (1822-1882), Poland - modern kerosene lamp* Giovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) - self-propelled torpedo* Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman, (fl.1589-1590), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe* Arkhip Lyulka, (1908-1984), Russia - first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft enginesM* Ma Jun, (c. 200-265), China - South Pointing Chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk looms* Aleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany - Orbitrap mass spectrometer* Stepan Makarov, (1849-1904), Russia - Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice* Nestor Makhno, (1888-1934), Ukraine/Russia - tachanka* Charles Macintosh, (1766-1843), Scotland - waterproof raincoat, life vest* Victor Makeev, (1924-1985), Russia - first submarine-launched ballistic missile* Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, (1896-1964), Russia - Maksutov telescope* Sergey Malyutin, (1859-1937), Russia - designed the first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily Zvyozdochkin)* Al-Ma'mun, (786-833), Iraq - singing bird automata, terrestrial globe* Boris Mamyrin, (1919-2007), Russia - reflectron (ion mirror)* George William Manby, (1765-1854), England - Fire extinguisher* Guglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy - radio telegraphy* John Landis Mason, (1826-1902), U.S. - Mason jars* Henry Maudslay, (1771-1831), England - screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometer* Hiram Maxim, (1840-1916), USA born, England - First self-powered machine gun* James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and Thomas Sutton Scotland - color photography* Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili, (9th century), Iraq - syringe, hypodermic needle, cataract extraction, injection, suction* John McAdam, (1756-1836), Scotland - improved "macadam" road surface* Elijah McCoy, (1843-1929), Canada - Displacement lubricator* Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, (1845-1916), Russia - probiotics* Hippolyte Mège-Mouriés, (1817-1880), France - margarine* Dmitri Mendeleev, (1834-1907), Russia - Periodic table, pycnometer, pyrocollodion, also credited with determining the ideal vodka proof as 38% (later rounded to 40%)* Antonio Meucci, (1808-1889), Italy - telephone (prototype)* Edouard Michelin, (1859-1940), France - pneumatic tire* Anthony Michell, (1870-1959), Australia - tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless engine* Artem Mikoyan, (1905-1970), Armenia/Russia - MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich)* Alexander Mikulin, (1895-1985), Russia - Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank* Mikhail Mil, (1909-1970), Russia - Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)* Pavel Molchanov, (1893-1941), Russia - radiosonde* Jules Montenier, (c. 1910), U.S. - modern anti-perspirant deodorant* Montgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France - hot-air balloon* John J. Montgomery, (1858-1911), U.S. - heavier-than-air gliders* Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain - steam powered submarine* Robert Moog, (1934-2005), U.S. - the Moog synthesizer* Samuel Morey, (1762-1843), U.S. - internal combustion engine* Garrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), U.S. - inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal.* Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), U.S. - telegraph* Alexander Morozov, (1904-1979), Russia - T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34* Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, (1849-1902), Russia - Mosin-Nagant rifle* Motorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s - 1735) and his son Mikhail Ivanovich (?-1750), Russia - Tsar Bell* Vera Mukhina, (1889-1953), Russia - welded sculpture* Al-Muqaddasi, (c. 946-1000), Palestine - restaurant* Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi, (fl.11th century), Islamic Spain - geared mechanical clock, segmental gear, epicyclic gearing* William Murdoch, (1754-1839), Scotland - Gas lighting* Jozef Murgas, (1864-1929), Slovakia - inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)* Evgeny Murzin, (1914-1970), Russia - ANS synthesizer* Banū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800-873), Ahmad (803-873), Al-Hasan (810-873), Iraq - mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machine* Pieter van Musschenbroek, (1692-1761), Netherlands - Leyden jar, pyrometer* Eadweard Muybridge, (1830-1904), England - motion pictureN* Alexander Nadiradze, (1914-1987), Georgia/Russia - first mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), first reliable mobile ICBM (RT-2PM Topol)* John Napier, (1550-1617), Scotland - logarithms* James Naismith, (1861-1939), Canadian born, USA - invented basketball and American football helmet* Yoshiro Nakamatsu, (b. 1928), Japan - floppy disk, "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meter* Andrey Nartov, (1683-1756), Russia - first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge-boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight* James Nasmyth, (1808-1890), Scotland - steam hammer* Nebuchadrezzar II, (c. 630-562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw, screwpump* Sergey Nepobedimiy, (1921-), Russia - first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry* John von Neumann, (1903-1957), Hungary - Von Neumann computer architecture* Isaac Newton,(1642-1727), England - reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)* Joseph Nicephore Niépce, (1765-1833), France - photography* Nikolai Nikitin, (1907-1973), Russia - prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000)* Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, (1860-1940), Germany - Nipkow disk* Jun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan - Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode* Alfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden - dynamite* Ludvig Nobel, (1831-1888), Sweden/Russia - first successful oil tanker* Carl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden - the blowtorchO* Theophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden/Russia - the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator* Lucien Olivier, (1838-1883), Belgium or France / Russia - Russian salad (Olivier salad)* J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904-1967), United States - Atomic bomb* Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II, (1858-1923) American - weapon sights & mining* Hans Christian Ørsted, (1777-1851), Denmark - electromagnetism, aluminum* Elisha Otis, (1811-1861), U.S. - passenger elevator with safety device* William Oughtred, (1575-1660), England - slide ruleP* Larry Page, (1973-), U.S. - with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engine* Alexey Pajitnov, (born 1956), Russia/U.S. - Tetris* Helge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden - the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun* Daniel David Palmer, (1845-1913), Canada - chiropractic* Luigi Palmieri, (1807-1896), Italy - seismometer* Alexander Parkes, (1831-1890), England - celluloid* Charles Algernon Parsons, (1854-1931), British - steam turbine* Spede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland - ski jumping sling* Blaise Pascal, (1623-1662), France - barometer, Pascal's calculator* Gustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden - safety match* Les Paul, (1915-2009), U.S. - multitrack recording* Nicolae Paulescu, (1869-1931), Romania - insulin* Ivan Pavlov, (1849-1936), Russia, - classical conditioning* Arthur Paul Pedrick, England - chromatically selective cat flap and others* John Pemberton, (1831-1888), U.S. - Coca-Cola* Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia - mechanical pencil* Henry Perky, (1843-1906), U.S. - shredded wheat* Stephen Perry, England - rubber band* Vladimir Petlyakov, (1891-1942), Russia - heavy bomber* Peter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria - digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments* Fritz Pfleumer, (1881-1945), Germany - magnetic tape* Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, (1810-1881), Russia - early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations* Fyodor Pirotsky, (1845-1898), Russia - electric tram* Arthur Pitney, (1871-1933), United States - postage meter* Joseph Plateau, (1801-1883), Belgium - phenakistiscope (stroboscope)* Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden - gas absorption refrigerator* James Leonard Plimpton, U.S. - roller skates* Ivan Plotnikov, (1902-1995), Russia - kirza leather* Petrache Poenaru, (1799-1875), Romania - fountain pen* Christopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden - the modern padlock* Nikolai Polikarpov, (1892-1944), Russia - Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane)* Ivan Polzunov, (1728-1766), Russia - first two-cylinder steam engine* Mikhail Pomortsev, (1851-1916), Russia - nephoscope* Olivia Poole, (1889-1975), U.S., - the Jolly Jumper baby harness* Alexander Popov, (1859-1906), Russia - lightning detector (the first lightning prediction system and radio receiver), co-inventor of radio* Nikolay Popov, (1931-2008), Russia - first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80)* Aleksandr Porokhovschikov, (1892-1941), Russia - Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first caterpillar amphibious ATV)* Joseph Priestley, (1733-1804), England - soda water* Alexander Procofieff de Seversky, 1894-1974, Russia/United States of America - first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refueling* Alexander Prokhorov, (1916-2002), Russia - co-inventor of laser and maser* Petro Prokopovych, (1775-1850), Ukraine/Russia - early beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties* Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, (1863-1944), Russia/France - early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures* George Pullman, (1831-1897), U.S. - Pullman sleep wagon* Michael I. Pupin, (1858-1935), Serbia - pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillator* Tivadar Puskas, (1844-1893), Hungary - telephone exchange[edit] R* Mario Rabinowitz, (1936-), U.S. - solar concentrator with tracking micromirrors* Hasan al-Rammah, (fl.1270s), Syria - purified potassium nitrate, explosive gunpowder, torpedo* Harun al-Rashid, (763-809), Persia/Iran - public hospital, medical school* Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), (865-965), Persia/Iran - distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide* Karl von Reichenbach, (1788-1869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenol* Ira Remsen, (1846-1927), U.S. - saccharin* Ralf Reski, (* 1958), Germany - Moss Bioreactor 1998* Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia - ship propeller* Charles Francis Richter, (1900-1985), U.S. - Richter magnitude scale* Hyman George Rickover, (1900-1986), U.S. - Nuclear submarine* John Roebuck, (1718-1794) England - lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesis* Peter I the Great, Tsar and Emperor of Russia, (1672-1725), Russia - decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)* Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany - the X-ray machine* Ida Rosenthal, (1886-1973), Belarus/Russia/United States - modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)* Boris Rosing, (1869-1933), Russia - CRT television (first TV system using CRT on the receiving side)* Eugene Roshal, (born 1972), Russia - FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver* Ernő Rubik, (1944-), Hungary - Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock* Ernst Ruska, (1906-1988), Germany - electron microscopeS* Alexander Sablukov, (1783-1857), Russia - centrifugal fan* Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu, (1385-1468), Turkey - illustrated surgical atlas* Andrei Sakharov, (1921-1989), Russia - invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developed the Tsar Bomb and tokamak* Ibn Samh, (c. 1020), Middle East - mechanical geared astrolabe* Franz San Galli, (1824-1908), Poland/Russia (Italian and German descent) - radiator, modern central heating* Alberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil - non-rigid airship and airplane* Arthur William Savage, (1857-1938) - radial tires, gun magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifle* Thomas Savery, (1650-1715), England - steam engine* Adolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium - saxophone* Bela Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary - diphtheria test* Pavel Schilling, (1780-1836), Estonia/Russia - first electromagnetic telegraph, mine with an electric fuse* Christian Schnabel (1878-1936), German - simplistic food cutleries* Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946- ), Netherlands - Major contributor to development of Compact Disc* August Schrader, U.S. - Schrader valve for Pneumatic tire* David Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, - rigid ship, later called Zeppelin* Marc Seguin, (1786-1875), France - wire-cable suspension bridge* Henry White Seeley, (1832-1903), US-pressing iron* Sennacherib, (705-681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw pump* Iwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/U.S. - inventor of the Moviola for film editing* Mark Serrurier, (190?-1988), U.S. - Serrurier truss for Optical telescopes* Gerhard Sessler, (1931-), Germany - foil electret microphone, silicon microphone* Guy Severin, (1926-2008), Russia - extra-vehicular activity supporting system* Leonty Shamshurenkov, (1687-1758), Russia - first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge* Ibn al-Shatir, (1304-1375), Syria - "jewel box" device which combined a compass with a universal sundial* Shen Kuo, (1031-1095), China - improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tube* Murasaki Shikibu, (c. 973-1025), Japan - novel, psychological novel* Pyotr Shilovsky, (1871 - after 1924), Russia/United Kingdom - gyrocar* Fathullah Shirazi, (c. 1582), Mughal India - autocannon, multi-barrel gun* William Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), U.S. - co-inventor of transistor* Henry Shrapnel, (1761-1842), England - Shrapnel shell ammunition* Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, (b. 1972), Malaysia - cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in space* Vladimir Shukhov, (1853-1939), Russia - thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot* Augustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Germany/England - Inventor of the standard diving dress* Werner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany - an electromechanical "dynamic"* Sir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany - regenerative furnace* Al-Sijzi, (c. 945-1020), Persia/Iran - heliocentric astrolabe* Igor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Russia/U.S. - first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters* Kia Silverbrook, (1958-), Australia - Memjet printer, world's most prolific inventor* Vladimir Simonov, (born 1935), Russia - APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol* Charles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary - Hungarian notation* Ibn Sina (Avicenna), (973-1037), Persia/Iran - steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blocker* Isaac Singer, (1811-1875), U.S. - sewing machine* Nikolay Slavyanov, (1854-1897), Russia - shielded metal arc welding* Alexander Smakula, (1900-1983), Ukraine/Russia/U.S. - anti-reflective coating* Yefim Smolin, Russia - table-glass (stakan granyonyi)* Igor Spassky, (1926-), Russia - Sea Launch platform* Elmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860-1930), U.S. - gyroscope-guided automatic pilot* Ladislas Starevich, (1882-1965), Russia/France - puppet animation, live-action/animated film* Boris Stechkin, (1891-1969), Russia - co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer of Soviet heat and aircraft engines* George Stephenson, (1781-1848), England - steam railway* Simon Stevin, (1548-1620), Netherlands - land yacht* Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790-1878), Scotland - Stirling engine* Aurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia - gas turbines* Aleksandr Stoletov, (1839-1896), Russia - first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect* Levi Strauss, (1829-1902), U.S. - blue jeans* John Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England - airplane* Almon Strowger, (1839-1902), U.S. - automatic telephone exchange* Su Song, (1020-1101), China - first chain drive* Pavel Sukhoi, (1895-1975), Russia - Su-series fighter aircraft* Simon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada - inventor of MagneScribe and Magic Spicer* Sushruta, (600 BC), Vedic India - inventor of Platic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, Rhinoplasty* Joseph Swan, (1828-1914), England - Incandescent light bulb* Percy Spencer, (1894-1970), U.S. - microwave oven* Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), (903-986), Persia/Iran - timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabe* Robert Swanson, (1905-1994), Canada - Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotives* Andrei Sychra, (1773-76 - 1850), Lithuania/Russia, Czech descent - Russian seven-string guitar* Vladimir Syromyatnikov, (1933-2006), Russia - Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms* Leó Szilárd, (1898-1964), Hungary/U.S. - Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan ProjectT* Salih Tahtawi, (fl.1659-1660), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe* Igor Tamm, (1895-1971), Russia - co-developer of tokamak* Taqi al-Din, (1526-1585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey - steam turbine, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, framed sextant* Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi, (c. 1187), Middle East - counterweight trebuchet, mangonel* Bernard Tellegen, (1900-1990), Netherlands - pentode* Edward Teller, (1908-2003), Hungary - hydrogen bomb* Nikola Tesla, (1856-1943), Croatian Serb, citizenship:Austrian Empire (pre-1891), American (post-1891) - Tesla Coil, induction motor, wireless communication* Léon Theremin, (1896-1993), Russia - theremin, interlace, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device)* Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, (1785-1870), France - Arithmometer* Eric Tigerstedt, (1887-1925), Finland - triode vacuum tube* Kalman Tihanyi, (1897-1947), Hungary - co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope* Mikhail Tikhonravov, (1900-1974), Russia - co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks* Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, (1875-1960), Russia - feathering spectrograph* Benjamin Chew Tilghman, (1821-1897), U.S. - sandblasting* Tipu Sultan, (1750-1799), India - iron-cased rocket* Fedor Tokarev, (1871-1968), Russia - TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle* Alfred Traeger, (1895-1980), Australia - the pedal radio* Richard Trevithick, (1771-1833), England - high-pressure steam engine, first full-scale steam locomotive* Franc Trkman, (1903-1978), Slovenia - electrical switches, accessories for opening windows* Yuri Trutnev, (1927-), Russia - co-developer of the Tsar Bomb* Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, (1857-1935), Russia - spaceflight* Mikhail Tsvet, (1872-1919), Russia - chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)* Ibn Tufail, (c. 1105-1185), Islamic Spain - philosophical novel* Alexei Tupolev, (1925-2001), Russia - the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)* Andrei Tupolev, (1888-1972), Russia - turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)* Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1201-1274), Persia/Iran - observatory, research institute* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1135-1213), Persia/Iran - linear astrolabeU* Lewis Urry, (1927-2004), Canada - long-lasting alkaline battery* Vladimir Utkin, (1923-2000), Russia - railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets)V* Vladimir Sergeyevich Vakhmistrov, (1897-1972), Russia - first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)* Theophilus Van Kannel, (1841-1919), United States - revolving door (1888)* Viktor Vasnetsov, (1848-1926), Russia - budenovka military hat* Vladimir Veksler, (1907-1966), Russia - synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron* John Venn, (1834-1923), England - Venn diagram (1881)* Pierre Vernier, (1580-1637), France - vernier scale (1631)* Dmitry Vinogradov, (c.1720-5 - 1758), Russia - original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Mikhail Lomonosov)* Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?-2006), United States - developed the first sexual assault evidence kit* Alessandro Volta, (1745-1827), Italy - battery* Faust Vrančić, (1551-1617), Croatia - parachute* Traian Vuia, (1872-1950), Romania - designed, built, and tested one of the earlier aircraft in 1906. Vuia reportedly flew to a height of 1 Meter and was able to stay aloft for 20 Meters.* Ivan Vyrodkov, (? - 1563-64), Russia - battery tower[edit] W* Paul Walden, (1863-1957), Latvia/Russia/Germany - Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid)* Barnes Wallis, (1887-1979), England - bouncing bomb* Robert Watson-Watt, (1892-1973), Scotland - microwave radar* James Watt, (1736-1819), Scotland - improved Steam engine* Thomas Wedgwood, (1771-1805), England - first (not permanent) photograph* Jonas Wenström, (1855-1893), Sweden - three-phase electrical power* George Westinghouse, (1846-1914), U.S. - Air brake (rail)* Charles Wheatstone, (1802-1875), England - concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher* Eli Whitney, (1765-1825), U.S. - the cotton gin* Frank Whittle, (1907-1996), England - co-inventor of the jet engine* Otto Wichterle, (1913-1989), Czechoslovakia - invented modern contact lenses* Paul Winchell, (1922-2005), U.S. - the artificial heart* A. Baldwin Wood, (1879-1956), U.S. - high volume pump* Granville Woods, (1856-1910), U.S. - the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph* Wright brothers, Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912) - U.S. - powered airplane* Arthur Wynne, (1862-1945), England - creator of crossword puzzleY* Pavel Yablochkov, (1847-1894), Russia - Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)* Hidetsugu Yagi, (1886-1976), Japan - Yagi antenna* Alexander Yakovlev, (1906-1989), Russia - Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)* Khalid ibn Yazid, (635-704), Syria/Egypt - potassium nitrate* Yi Xing, (683-727), China - astronomical clock* Gazi Yasargil, (1925- ), Turkey - Microneurosurgery* Arthur M. Young, (1905-1995), U.S. - the Bell Helicopter* Vladimir Yourkevitch, (1885-1964), Russia/France/U.S. - modern ship hull design* Sergei Yudin, (1891-1954), Russia - cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations* Muhammad Yunus, (b. 1940), Bangladesh - microcredit, microfinance* Abu Yaqub Yusuf, (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain - siege cannon* Linus Yale, Jr., (1821-1868), U.S. - cylinder lock* Linus Yale, Sr., (1797-1858), U.S. - pin tumbler lockZ* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), (936-1013), Islamic Spain - catgut surgical suture, various surgical instruments and dental devices* Alexander Zalmanov, (1875-1965), Russia - turpentine bath* Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof, (1859-1917) Russia/Poland - Esperanto* Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel), (1028-1087), Islamic Spain - almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabe* Yevgeny Zavoisky, (1907-1976), Russia - EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy* Nikolay Zelinsky, (1861-1953), Russia - the first effective filtering coal gas mask in the world* Zhang Heng, (78-139), China - invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere* Zheng He, (1371-1433), China - treasure ship* Nikolai Zhukovsky, (1847-1921), Russia - an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank* Ziryab, (789-857), Iraq/Syria/Tunisia/Spain - bangs, beauty parlour, cosmetology school, chemical depilatory, toothpaste, under-arm deodorant, three-course meal* Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), (1091-1161), Islamic Spain - general anaesthesia, general anaesthetic, oral anesthesia, inhalational anaesthetic, narcotic-soaked sponge, tracheotomy, parasitology, pharmacopoeia* Konrad Zuse, (22 June 1910-18 December 1995), Germany - invented the first Computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4)* Vasily Zvyozdochkin, (1876-1956), Russia - matryoshka doll (together with Sergey Malyutin)* Vladimir Zworykin, (1889-1982), Russia/U.S. - Iconoscope, kinescope.

Who are some unrecognized inventors?

AVitaly Mikhaylovich Abalakov, (1906-1986), Russia - camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor.Hovannes Adamian, (1879-1932), Armenia/Russia - tricolor principle of the color televisionRobert Adler, (1913-2007), Austria/United States - wireless remote controlTurhan Alçelik (c. 2006), Turkey - non-glaring headlampRostislav Alexeyev, (1916-1980) , Russia - Ekranoplan.Mary Anderson, (1866-1953), United States - windshield wiper bladeNicolas Appert, (1749-1841), France - canning (airtight food preservation)Archimedes, (c. 287-212 BC), Greece - Archimedes' screwAmi Argand, (1750-1803), France - Argand lampEdwin H. Armstrong,(1890-1954), U.S. - FM radioWilliam George Armstrong, (1810-1900), UK - hydraulic craneNeil Arnott, (1788-1874), UK - waterbedLev Artsimovich, (1909-1973), Russia - TokamakAl-Ashraf, (fl. 1282-1296), Yemen - dry compassJoseph Aspdin, (1788-1855), England - Portland cementJohn Vincent Atanasoff, (1903-1995), United States - modern programmable computer[edit] BCharles Babbage, (1791-1871), UK - analytical engine (semi-automatic computer)Roger Bacon, (1214-1292), England - magnifying glassLeo Baekeland, (1863-1944), Belgian-American - Velox photographic paper and BakeliteRalph H. Baer, (1922-), German born American - video game consoleAbd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, (1162-1231), Iraq/Egypt - ventilatorJohn Logie Baird, (1888-1946), Scotland - an electromechanical televisionIbn al-Baitar, (d. 1248), Islamic Spain - three hundred drugs and foods, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, Hindiba, pharmacopoeiaAbi Bakr of Isfahan, (c. 1235), Persia - mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar analog computerDonat Banki, (1859-1922), Hungary - inventor of the carburetorJohn Bardeen, (1908-1991), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistorAnthony R. Barringer Canadian - American - INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic systemEarl W. Bascom, (1906-1995), Canada and United States - side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chapsIbn Bassal, (fl. 1038-1075), Islamic Spain - flywheel, flywheel-driven noria, flywheel-driven saqiya chain pumpMuhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria/Turkey - observation tubeEugen Baumann, (1846-1896), Germany - PVCTrevor Baylis, (1937-), UK - a wind-up radioFrancis Beaufort, (1774-1857), France - Beaufort scaleArnold O. Beckman, (1900-2004), U.S. - pH meterUlugh Beg, 1394-1449, |Persia - Fakhri sextant, mural sextantAlexander Graham Bell, (1847-1922), Canada, Scotland, and U.S. - telephoneKarl Benz, (1844-1929), Germany - the petrol-powered automobileEmile Berliner, (1851-1929), Germany and U.S. - the disc record gramophoneTim Berners-Lee, (1955-), UK - with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide WebAbu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, (955-996), Egypt - airmail, homing pigeonBi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇), (ca. 990-1051), China - clay movable type printingLaszlo Biro, (1899-1985), Hungary - modern ballpoint penClarence Birdseye, (1886-1956), U.S. - frozen food processAbū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, (973-1048), Persia - mechanical geared lunisolar calendar analog computer, fixed-wired knowledge processing machine, conical measure, laboratory flask, Orthographical astrolabe, hodometer, pycnometerJ. Stuart Blackton, (1875-1941), U.S. - stop-motion filmOtto Blathy (1860-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogeneratorKatharine B. Blodgett, (1898-1979), UK - nonreflective glassNils Bohlin, (1920-2002), Sweden - the three-point seat beltJoseph-Armand Bombardier, (1907-1964), Canada - snowmobileJagdish Chandra Bose, (1858 -1937), India - CrescographRobert W. Bower, (1936-), U.S. - self-aligned-gate MOSFETSeth Boyden, (1788-1870), U.S. - nail-making machineWalter Houser Brattain, (1902-1987), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistorLouis Braille, (1809-1852), France - the Braille writing systemKarl Ferdinand Braun, (1850-1918), Germany - cathode-ray tube oscilloscopeHarry Brearley, (1871-1948), UK - stainless steelSergey Brin, (1973-), Russia/U.S. - with Larry Page invented Google web search engineRachel Fuller Brown, (1898-1980), U.S., Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibioticJohn Moses Browning, (1855-1926), U.S. - automatic handgunMaria Christina Bruhn, (1732-1802)Edwin Beard Budding, (1795-1846), UK - lawnmowerCorliss Orville Burandt, U.S. - Variable valve timing[edit] CRobert Cailliau, (1947 -), Belgium - with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide WebC`ai Lun, 蔡倫 (50 AD - 121), China - paperMarvin Camras, (1916 - 1995), U.S. - magnetic recordingChester Carlson, (1906 - 1968), U.S. - XerographyWallace Carothers, (1896 - 1937), U.S. - NylonHezarfen Ahmet Celebi, (fl. 1630-1632), long-distance flight, artificial wingsLagari Hasan Çelebi, (fl. 1633-1640), Turkey - manned rocket, artificially-powered aircraft, rocket aircraftJoseph Constantine Carpue, (1764 - 1846), France - rhinoplastic surgeryGeorge Cayley, (1773 - 1857), (UK) - glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar trackRoxey Ann Caplin, (1793 - 1888) - CorsetsAdriano Cavalcanti, (1971 -), Australia - hardware architecture for nanorobotsDennis Charter, [1] [2] (1952 -), Australia - secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafeAdrian Chernoff, (1971 -), U.S. - GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber BanditsEvgeniy Chertovsky, Russia - Pressure suitNiels Christensen (1865 - 1952), U.S. - O-ringSamuel Hunter Christie, (1784 - 1865), UK - Wheatstone bridgeJuan de la Cierva, (1895 - 1936), Spain - the autogyroAlexandru Ciurcu, (1854 - 1922), Romania - Reaction engineGeorges Claude, (1870 - 1960), France - neon lampHenri Coandă, (1886 - 1972), Romania - Jet engineJosephine Cochrane, (1839 - 1913), U.S. - dishwasherChristopher Cockerell, (1910 - 1999), UK - HovercraftAeneas Coffey, (1780 - 1852), Ireland - heat exchanger, Coffey stillSamuel Colt, (1814 - 1862), U.S. - RevolverGeorge Constantinescu, (1881 - 1965), Romania - Interrupter gearLloyd Groff Copeman, (1865 - 1956), U.S. - Electric stoveCornelis Corneliszoon, (1550 - 1607), The Netherlands - sawmillJacques Cousteau, (1910 - 1997), France - co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater cameraThomas Crapper, (1836 - 1910), England - plumber.Bartolomeo Cristofori, (1655 - 1731), Italy - pianoJános Csonka, (1852 - 1939), Hungary - co-inventor of carburetorNicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (1725 - 1804), France - first steam-powered road vehicleWilliam Cumberland Cruikshank, (1745 - 1800), UK - chlorinated waterWilliam Cullen, (1710 - 1790), UK - first artificial refrigeratorGlenn Curtiss, (1878 - 1930), U.S. - ailerons[edit] DGustaf Dalén, (1869-1937), Sweden - AGA cooker; Dalén light; AgamassanSalvino D'Armate, (?-?), Italy - credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284Jacob Davis, (1868-1908), U.S. - riveted jeansEdmund Davy, (1785-1857), Ireland - acetyleneHumphry Davy, (1778-1829), UK - Davy miners lampJoseph Day, (1855-1946), UK - the crankcase-compression two-stroke engineLee DeForest, (1873-1961), U.S. - triodeMiksa Deri (1854-1938), Hungary - co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformerJames Dewar, (1842-1923), UK - Thermos flaskWilliam Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860-1935), UK - motion picture cameraPhilip Diehl, (1847-1913), U.S. - Ceiling fan, electric sewing machineRudolf Diesel, (1858-1913), Germany - Diesel engineTaqi al-Din, (1526-1585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey - steam turbine, smoke jack, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, mechanical alarm clock, spring-powered pocket watch measured in minutes, spring-powered astronomical clock measured in minutes and seconds, framed sextantAl-Dinawari, (828-896), Persia - more than a hundred plant drugsWilliam H. Dobelle, (1943-2004), United States - first functioning artificial eyeBryan Donkin, (1768-1855), UK - print industry composition rollerHub van Doorne, (1900-1979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmissionAnastase Dragomir, (1896-1966), Romania - Ejection seatKarl Drais, (1785-1851), Germany - dandy horse (Draisine)Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), The Netherlands - first navigable submarineRichard Drew, (1899-1980), U.S. - Masking tapeJohn Boyd Dunlop, (1840-1921) UK - first practical pneumatic tyreJames Dyson, (1947- ) UK - Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.[edit] EGeorge Eastman, (1854-1932), U.S. - roll filmThomas Edison, (1847-1931), U.S. - phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, motion picture projector, stock ticker, etcWillem Einthoven, (1860-1927), The Netherlands - the electrocardiogramRune Elmqvist, (1857-1924), Sweden - implantable pacemakerDouglas Engelbart, (1925-), U.S. - the computer mouse [3]John Ericsson, (1803-1889), Sweden - the two screw-propellerLars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), Sweden - the handheld micro telephoneOle Evinrude, (1877-1934), Norway - outboard motor[edit] FSamuel Face, (1923-2001), U.S. - concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning SwitchMichael Faraday, (1791-1867), England - electric transformerJohann Maria Farina, (1685-1766), Germany; Eau de ColognePhilo Farnsworth, (1906-1971), U.S. - electronic televisionMuhammad al-Fazari, (d. 796/806), Iraq or Persia - brass astrolabeSvyatoslav Fyodorov, (1927-2000), Russia - radial keratotomyJames Fergason, (1934-), U.S. - improved liquid crystal displayEnrico Fermi, (1901-1954), Italy - nuclear reactorHumberto Fernández Morán, (1924-1999), Venezuela - Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtomeReginald Fessenden, (1866-1932), Canada - two-way radioAdolf Eugen Fick, (1829-1901), Germany - contact lensFatima al-Fihri, (c. 859), Tunisia/Morocco - universityAbbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), (810-887), Islamic Spain - eye glasses, parachute, hang glider, artificial wings, controlled flight, watch, fused quartz and silica glass, artificial thunder and lightning, metronomeArtur Fischer, (1919-) Germany - fasteners including fischertechnik.Gerhard Fischer, Germany/U.S. - hand-held metal detectorAlexander Fleming, (1881-1955), Scotland - penicillinJohn Ambrose Fleming, (1848-1945), England - vacuum diodeSandford Fleming, (1827-1915), Canada - Universal Standard TimeTommy Flowers, (1905-1998), England - Colossus an early electronic computer.Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, (1819-1868), France - Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy currentBenoît Fourneyron, (1802-1867), France - water turbineJohn Fowler, (1826-1864), England - steam-driven ploughing engineBenjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), U.S. - the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonicaAugustin-Jean Fresnel, (1788-1827), France - Fresnel lensWilliam Friese-Greene, (1855-1921), England - cinematographyBuckminster Fuller, (1895-1983), U.S. - geodesic dome[edit] GDennis Gabor, (1900-1979), Hungary - holographyBoris Borisovich Galitzine, (1862-1916), Russia - Electromagnetic seismograph.Elmer R. Gates, (1859-1923), USA - foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")Richard J. Gatling, (1818-1903), U.S. - wheat drill, first successful machine gunHans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882-1945), Germany - Geiger counterHenri Giffard, (1825-1882), France - powered airship, injectorHeinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany - first functional incandescent lampLeonid Gobyato, (1875-1915), Russia - first modern man-portable mortarRobert Goddard, (1882-1945), U.S. - liquid fuel rocketPeter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary - vinyl record (LP), CBS color televisionCharles Goodyear, (1800-1860), U.S. - vulcanization of rubberGordon Gould, (1920-2005), U.S. - co-inventor of laserRichard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England - ship's hull and riggingBette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), U.S. - Liquid PaperJames Henry Greathead, (1844-1896), South Africa - tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield techniqueChester Greenwood, (1858-1937), U.S. - thermal earmuffsJames Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland - Gregorian telescopeWilliam Robert Grove, (1811-1896), Wales - fuel cellOtto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany - vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeterHakan Gürsu, (c. 2007), Turkey - VolitanJohann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s-1468), Germany - movable type printing pressSamuel Guthrie, (1782-1848), U.S. - discovered chloroform[edit] HJohn Hadley, (1682-1744), England - OctantWaldemar Haffkine, (1860-1930), Russia/Switzerland - first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccinesTracy Hall, (1919-2008 ), U.S. - synthetic diamondChristopher Hansteen, (1783-1873), Norway - discovery of terrestrial magnetismJames Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England - spinning jennyJohn Harrison, (1693-1776), England - marine chronometerVictor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden - invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex cameraIbn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (965-1039), Iraq - camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass, concave and convex mirrors, spherical mirrorRobert A. Heinlein, (1907-1988), U.S. - waterbedJozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia - the water pillarRudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany - the HellschreiberJoseph Henry, (1797-1878), Scotland/U.S. - electromagnetic relayHeron, (c. 10-70), Roman Egypt - aeolipileHeinrich Hertz, (1857-1894), Germany - radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiationGeorge de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary - radioactive tracerRowland Hill, (1795-1879), UK - postage stampFelix Hoffmann (Bayer), (1868-1949), Germany - AspirinHerman Hollerith, (1860-1929), U.S. - recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cardsNick Holonyak, (1928- ), U.S. - LED (Light Emitting Diode)Robert Hooke, (1635-1703), England - balance wheel, iris diaphragmErna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), U.S. - computerized telephone switching systemFrank Hornby, (1863-1936), England - invented MeccanoCoenraad Johannes van Houten, (1801-1887), Netherlands - cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milkElias Howe, (1819-1867), U.S. - sewing machineMuhammad Husayn, (fl. 1600s), Persia - cartographic Qibla indicator with sundial and compassChristiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), Netherlands - pendulum clockJohn Wesley Hyatt, (1837-1920), U.S. - celluloid manufacturing[edit] IIbn Yunus, (950-1009), Egypt - pendulumSumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan - nanotubesGavriil Ilizarov, (1921-1992), Russia - Ilizarov apparatus and distraction osteogenesis.János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary - noiseless match[edit] JJabir ibn Aflah (Geber), (c. 1100-1150), Islamic Spain - portable celestial globeJabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), (c. 721-815), Yemen/Persia - pure distillation, calcination, crystallization, filtration, liquefaction, purification, alembic, still, retort, mineral acids, nitric and sulfuric acids, uric and hydrochloric acids, aqua regia, alum, alkali, borax, pure sal ammoniac, lead carbonatic, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, pure mercury and sulfur, plated mail, artificial pearl and gemstone, lusterwareKarl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany - aeroplaneAl-Jazari, (1136-1206), Iraq - crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkageIbn Al-Jazzar (Algizar), (c. 898-980), Tunisia - sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugsGyörgy Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary - turbopropCarl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden - Gauge blocksJohan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden - the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spannerNancy Johnson, U.S. - American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)Scott A. Jones, (1960-), U.S. - created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine.Whitcomb Judson, (1836-1909), U.S. - zipper[edit] KMikhail Kalashnikov, (1919-), Russia - AK-47 and AK-74 assault riflesDean Kamen, (1951-), U.S. - Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility DeviceHeike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), Netherlands - liquify heliumJamshīd al-Kāshī, (c. 1380-1429), Persia - plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computerAbu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Naser ibn Saghir ibn Khalid al-Kaysarani, (c. 1154), Syria - striking clock, clock towerJohn Harvey Kellogg, (1852-1943), cornflake breakfastsJohn George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary - co-inventor of BASICAlexander Kemurdzhian, (1921-2003), Russia - first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)Kerim Kerimov, (1917-2003), Azerbaijan and Russia - human spaceflight, space dock, space stationCharles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), U.S. - invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and moreKhalid, (fl. 800s), Ethiopia - coffeeFazlur Khan, (1929-1982), Bangladesh - structural systems for high-rise skyscrapersAl-Khazini, (fl. 1115-1130), Persia - hydrostatic balanceAbu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 940-1000), Persia - astronomical sextantMuhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), Persia - modern algebra, mural instrument, quadrant, horary quadrant, sine quadrant, Quadrans Vetus, shadow squareJack Kilby, (1923-2005), U.S. - patented the first integrated circuitAl-Kindi (Alkindus), (801-873), Iraq/Yemen - ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysisFritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany - vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chlorideMargaret E. Knight, (1838-1914), U.S. - machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bagsIvan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Armenia/Russia - invented Nylon-6Robert Koch, (1843-1910), Germany - method for culturing bacteria on solid mediaWillem Johan Kolff, (1911-2009), Netherlands - artificial kidney hemodialysis machineRudolf Kompfner, (1909-1977), U.S. - Traveling-wave tubeSergey Korolyov, (1907-1966), Ukraine/Russia - invented R-7 rocket family, designed Sputniks (including first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), supervised Vostok program (including first human spaceflight)Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia - knapsack parachuteIvan Kulibin, (1735-1818), Russia - Elevator using screw mechanisms. Also invented an automobile that featured a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing.[1]Igor Kurchatov, (1903-1960), Russia - first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface shipsRaymond Kurzweil, (1948-), Optical character recognition; flatbed scannerStephanie Kwolek, (1923-), U.S. - KevlarJohn Howard Kyan (1774-1850), Ireland - The process of Kyanization used for wood preservation[edit] LRené Laënnec, (1781-1826), France - stethoscopeLala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe, lost-wax castingGeorges Lakhovsky, (1869-1942), Russia - Multiple Wave Oscillator.Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and U.S. - Spread spectrum radioEdwin H. Land, (1909-1991), U.S. - Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land CameraSamuel P. Langley, (1834-1906), U.S. - bolometerIrving Langmuir, (1851-1957), U.S. - gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen weldingLewis Latimer, (1848-1928), - worked with Thomas Edison and patented an improved lightbulb manufacturing processGustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden - invented the milk separator and the milking machineJohn Bennet Lawes, (1814-1900), England - superphosphate or chemical fertilizerSergei Vasiljevich Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia - synthetic rubberTim Berners-Lee, (1955- ) England - World Wide WebAntoni van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), Netherlands - development of the microscopeJean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (1822-1900), Belgium - internal combustion engine, motorboatR. G. LeTourneau, (1888-1969), U.S.- electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapersWillard Frank Libby, (1908-1980), U.S. - radiocarbon datingJustus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany - nitrogen-based fertilizerOtto Lilienthal, (1848-1896), Germany - hang gliderFrans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden - Kerosene stove operated by compressed airHans Lippershey, (1570-1619), Netherlands - telescopeWilliam Howard Livens, (1889-1964), England - chemical warfare - Livens Projector.Alexander Lodygin, (1847-1923), Russia - Electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament.Oleg Losev, (1903-1942), Russia - Light-emitting diode.Archibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain - Pioneer of radio guidance systemsAuguste and Louis Lumière, France - CinématographeIgnacy Łukasiewicz, (1822-1882), Poland - modern kerosene lampGiovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) - self-propelled torpedoAli Kashmiri ibn Luqman, (fl. 1589-1590), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe, lost-wax casting[edit] MMa Jun, (c. 200-265), China - South Pointing Chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk loomsCharles Macintosh, (1766-1843), Scotland - waterproof raincoat, life vestSake Dean Mahomet, (c. 1759), India - shampooDmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, (1896-1964), Russia - Maksutov telescopeAl-Ma'mun, (786-833), Iraq - singing bird automata, terrestrial globeGeorge William Manby, (1765-1854), England - Fire extinguisherGuglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy - radio telegraphyJohn Landis Mason, (1826-1902), U.S. - Mason jarsHenry Maudslay, (1771-1831), England - screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometerHiram Maxim, (1840-1916), USA born, England - First self-powered machine gunJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and Thomas Sutton Scotland - colour photographyAmmar ibn Ali al-Mawsili, (9th century), Iraq - syringe, hypodermic needle, cataract extraction, injection, suctionJohn McAdam, (1756-1836), Scotland - improved "macadam" road surfaceElijah McCoy, (1843-1929), Canada - Displacement lubricatorHippolyte Mège-Mouriés, (1817-1880), France - margarineDmitri Mendeleev, (1834-1907), Russia - Periodic table, pyrocollodion.Antonio Meucci, (1808-1889), Italy - telephone (prototype)Edouard Michelin, (1859-1940), France - pneumatic tyreAnthony Michell, (1870 - 1959), Australia - tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless enginePavel Molchanov, (1893-1941), Russia - Radiosonde.Jules Montenier, (c. 1910), U.S. - modern anti-perspirant deodorantMontgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France - hot-air balloonJohn J. Montgomery, (1858-1911), U.S. - heavier-than-air glidersNarcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain - steam powered submarineRobert Moog, (1934-2005), U.S. - the Moog synthesizerSamuel Morey, (1762-1843), U.S. - internal combustion engineGarrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), U.S. - inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal.Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), U.S. - telegraphIbn Khalaf al-Muradi, (fl. 1000s), Islamic Spain - geared mechanical clock, segmental gear, epicyclic gearingWilliam Murdoch, (1754-1839), Scotland - Gas lightingJozef Murgas, (1864-1929), Slovakia - inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)Al-Muqaddasi, (c. 946-1000), Palestine - restaurantBanū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800-873), Ahmad (803-873), Al-Hasan (810-873), Iraq - valve, float valve, feedback controller, automatic control, float chamber, mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, grab, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machinePieter van Musschenbroek, (1692-1761), Netherlands - Leyden jar, pyrometer[edit] NIbn al-Nafis, (1213-1288), Syria/Egypt - circulatory physiology, otolaryngology, theological novel, science fiction novelJohn Napier, (1550-1617), Scotland - logarithmsJames Naismith, (1861-1939), Canadian born, USA - invented basketball and American football helmetYoshiro Nakamatsu, (b. 1928), Japan - floppy disk, "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meterJames Nasmyth, (1808-1890), Scotland - steam hammerNebuchadrezzar II, (c. 630-562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw, screwpumpJohn von Neumann, (1903-1957), Hungary - Von Neumann computer architectureIsaac Newton,(1642-1727), England - reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)Joseph Nicephore Niépce, (1765-1833), France - photographyJun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan - Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diodeAlfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden - dynamiteCarl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden - the blowtorch[edit] OTheophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden - the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculatorJ. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904-1967), United States - Atomic bombHans Christian Ørsted, (1777-1851), Denmark - electromagnetism, aluminiumElisha Otis, (1811-1861), U.S. - passenger elevator with safety deviceWilliam Oughtred, (1575-1660), England - slide rule[edit] PLarry Page, (1973-), U.S. - with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engineHelge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden - the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gunDaniel David Palmer, (1845-1913), Canada - ChiropracticLuigi Palmieri, (1807-1896), Italy - seismometerAlexander Parkes, (1831-1890), England - celluloidCharles Algernon Parsons, (1854-1931), British - steam turbineSpede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland - The ski jumping slingBlaise Pascal, (1623-1662), France - barometerLes Paul, (1915-), U.S. - Multitrack recordingNicolae Paulescu, (1869 - 1931), Romania - InsulinGustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden - the safety matchArthur Paul Pedrick, England - chromatically selective cat flap and othersJohn Pemberton, (1831-1888), U.S. - Coca-ColaSlavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia - mechanical pencilHenry Perky, (1843-1906), U.S. - Shredded wheatStephen Perry, England - rubber bandPeter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria - digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instrumentsFritz Pfleumer, (1881-1945), Germany - Magnetic TapeArthur Pitney, (1871-1933), United States - Postage meterJoseph Plateau, (1801-1883), Belgium - phenakistiscope (stroboscope)Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden - refrigeratorJames Leonard Plimpton, U.S. - roller skatesPetrache Poenaru, (1799 - 1875), Romania - Fountain penChristopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden - the modern padlockIvan Polzunov, (1728-1766), Russia - first two-cylinder motorOlivia Poole, (1889-1975), U.S., - the Jolly Jumper baby harnessAlexander Stepanovich Popov, (1859-1906), Russia - Lightning detector.George Pullman, (1831-1897), U.S. - Pullman sleep wagonMichael I. Pupin, (1858-1935), Serbia - pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillatorTivadar Puskas, (1844-1893), Hungary - telephone exchange[edit] RMario Rabinowitz, (1936-), U.S. - solar concentrator with tracking micromirrorsHasan al-Rammah, (fl. 1270s), Syria - purified potassium nitrate, explosive gunpowder, torpedoHarun al-Rashid, (763-809), Iraq/Persia - public hospital, medical schoolMuhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), (865-965), Persia - distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap, kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, red lead, copper acetate, lead sulfide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, iron acetate, cinnabar, arsenic trioxide, sodium hydroxide, aludel, rose water, heated bath, funnel, sieveKarl von Reichenbach, (1788-1869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenolIra Remsen, (1846-1927), U.S. - saccharinRalf Reski, (* 1958), Germany - Moss Bioreactor 1998Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia - ship propellerCharles Francis Richter, (1900-1985), U.S. - Richter magnitude scaleHyman George Rickover, (1900-1986), U.S. - Nuclear submarineJohn Roebuck, (1718-1794) England - lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesisWilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany - the X-ray machineErnő Rubik, (1944-), Hungary - Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's ClockErnst Ruska, (1906-1988), Germany - electron microscope[edit] SAlexander Sablukov, (1783-1857), Russia - centrifugal fanŞerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu, (1385-1468), Turkey - illustrated surgical atlasAndrei Sakharov, (1921-1989), Russia - invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, developed tokamaks for controlled nuclear fusionIbn Samh, (c. 1020), Middle East - mechanical geared astrolabeIbn Sina (Avicenna), (973-1037), Persia - thermometer, thermoscope, steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blockerAlberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil - non-rigid airship and airplaneThomas Savery, (1650-1715), England - steam engineAdolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium - saxophoneBela Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary - diphtheria testChristian Schnabel (1878-1936), German - simplistic food cutleriesKees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946- ), Netherlands - Major contributor to development of Compact DiscAugust Schrader, U.S. - Schrader valve for Pneumatic tireDavid Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, - rigid ship, later called ZeppelinMarc Seguin, (1786-1875), France - wire-cable suspension bridgeSennacherib, (705-681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw pumpIwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/U.S. - inventor of the Moviola for film editing.Mark Serrurier, (190?-1988), U.S. - Serrurier truss for Optical telescopesGerhard Sessler, (1931-), Germany - foil electret microphone, silicon microphoneAlexander Procofieff de Seversky, 1894-1974, Russia/United States of America - Air-to-air refuelingIbn al-Shatir, (1304-1375), Syria - astrolabic clock, compendium instrument, polar-axis sundial, compass dialShen Kuo, (1031-1095), China - improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tubePavel Schilling, (1780-1836), Estonia/Russia - first electromagnetic telegraphMurasaki Shikibu, (c. 973-1025), - novel, psychological novelFathullah Shirazi, (c. 1582), Mughal India - autocannon, multi-barrel gunAl-Sijzi, (c. 945-1020), Persia - heliocentric astrolabeWilliam Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), U.S. - co-inventor of transistorHenry Shrapnel, (1761-1842), England - Shrapnel shell ammunitionSheikh Muszaphar Shukor, (b. 1972), Malaysia - cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in spaceVladimir Shukhov, (1853-1939), Russia - Shukhov cracking process, thin-shell structure, tensile structure, built one of the first pipelinesAugustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Germany/England - Inventor of the standard diving dressWerner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany - an electromechanical "dynamic"Sir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany - regenerative furnaceIgor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Russia/U.S. - helicopterCharles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary - Hungarian notationIsaac Singer, (1811-1875), U.S. - sewing machineElmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860-1930), U.S. - gyroscope-guided automatic pilotGeorge Stephenson, (1781-1848), England - steam locomotiveSimon Stevin, (1548-1620), Netherlands - land yachtAurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia - gas turbinesReverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790-1878), Scotland - Stirling engineLevi Strauss, (1829-1902), U.S. - blue jeansJohn Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England - airplaneAlmon Strowger, (1839-1902), U.S. - automatic telephone exchangeSu Song, (1020-1101), China - first chain driveSimon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada - inventor of MagneScribe and Magic SpicerSushruta, (600 BC), Vedic India - inventor of Platic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, RhinoplastyJoseph Swan, (1828-1914), England - Incandescent light bulbPercy Spencer, (1894-1970), U.S. - microwave ovenAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), (903-986), Persia - timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabeRobert Swanson, (1905-1994), Canada - Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotivesLeó Szilárd, (1898-1964), Hungary/U.S. - Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan Project[edit] TSalih Tahtawi, (fl. 1659-1660), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe, lost-wax castingIgor Tamm, (1895-1971), Russia - with Andrey Sakharov, developed first tokamakMardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi, (c. 1187), Middle East - counterweight trebuchet, mangonelBernard Tellegen, (1900-1990), Netherlands - pentodeEdward Teller, (1908-2003), Hungary - hydrogen bombNikola Tesla, (1856-1943), Serbian-Croatian-American - Tesla Coil, induction motor, wireless communicationEric Tigerstedt, (1887-1925), Finland - triode vacuum tubeKalman Tihanyi, (1897-1947), Hungary - co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscopeBenjamin Chew Tilghman, (1821-1897), U.S. - sandblastingTipu Sultan, (1750-1799), India - iron-cased and metal-cylinder rocketAlfred Traeger, (1895-1980), Australia - the pedal radioFranc Trkman, (1903-1978), Slovenia - electrical switches, accessories for opening windowsKonstantin Tsiolkovsky, (1857-1935), Russia - spaceflightMikhail Tsvet, (1872-1919), Russia - adsorption chromatographyIbn Tufail, (c. 1105-1185), Islamic Spain - philosophical novelNasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1201-1274), Persia - observatory, research instituteSharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1135-1213), Persia - linear astrolabe[edit] ULewis Urry, (1927-2004), Canada - long-lasting alkaline battery[edit] VTheophilus Van Kannel, (1841-1919), United States - revolving door (1888)Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?-2006), United States - developed the first sexual assault evidence kitAlessandro Volta, (1745-1827), Italy - batteryFaust Vrančić, (1551-1617), Croatia - parachute[edit] WBarnes Wallis, (1887-1979), England - bouncing bombRobert Watson-Watt, (1892-1973), Scotland - microwave radarJames Watt, (1736-1819), Scotland - improved Steam engineThomas Wedgwood, (1771-1805), England - first (not permanent) photographJonas Wenström, (1855-1893), Sweden - three-phase electrical powerGeorge Westinghouse, (1846-1914), U.S. - Air brake (rail)Charles Wheatstone, (1802-1875), England - concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipherEli Whitney, (1765-1825), U.S. - the cotton ginFrank Whittle, (1907-1996), England - co-inventor of the jet engineOtto Wichterle, (1913-1989), Czechoslovakia - invented modern contact lensesPaul Winchell, (1922-2005), U.S. - the artificial heartA. Baldwin Wood, (1879-1956), U.S. - high volume pumpGranville Woods, (1856-1910), U.S. - the Synchronous Multiplex Railway TelegraphWright brothers, Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912) - U.S. - powered airplaneArthur Wynne, (1862-1945), England - creator of crossword puzzle[edit] YPavel Yablochkov, (1847-1894), Russia - Yablochkov candle.Hidetsugu Yagi, (1886-1976), Japan - Yagi antennaKhalid ibn Yazid, (635-704), Syria/Egypt - potassium nitrateYi Xing, (683-727), ChinaArthur M. Young, (1905-1995), U.S. - the Bell HelicopterMuhammad Yunus, (b. 1940), Bangladesh - microcredit, microfinanceAbu Yaqub Yusuf, (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain - siege cannon[edit] ZAbu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), (936 - 1013), Islamic Spain - cosmetic dentistry, tooth bleaching, hair care, hair dye, solid lipstick, Hand cream and lotion, suntan lotion,[disambiguation needed] roll-on deodorant, epilepsy and seizure medications, nasal spray, topical cream, adhesive bandage and plaster, bone saw, catgut, cotton dressing and bandage, curette, retractor, sound, surgical spoon, surgical hook and rod, ligatureAbū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel), (1028-1087), Islamic Spain - almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabeNikolay Zelinsky, (1861-1953), Russia - the first effective filtering coal gas mask in the worldZhang Heng, (78-139), China - invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphereZheng He, (1371-1433), China - treasure shipZiryab, (789-857), Iraq/Syria/Tunisia/Spain - bangs, beauty parlour, cosmetology school, chemical depilatory, toothpaste, under-arm deodorant, three-course mealIbn Zuhr (Avenzoar), (1091-1161), Islamic Spain - general anaesthesia, general anaesthetic, oral anesthesia, inhalational anaesthetic, narcotic-soaked sponge, tracheotomy, parasitology, pharmacopoeiaKonrad Zuse, (22. June 1910 - 18. December 1995), Germany - invented the first Computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4)Vladimir Zworykin, (1889-1982), Russia/U.S. - Iconoscope, kinescope.

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