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heat
An arc second is a measure of angular separation, not of distance. It is therefore an inappropriate unit for measuring the distance to a star.
Use a protractor.Use a protractor.Use a protractor.Use a protractor.
red and yeller
The device that astronomers use to find the angle between the horizon and stars in the sky is called a sextant.
A star's luminosity is the measure of the total energy radiated by the star in one second.
heat
The energy output of a star is from nuclear fusion. The particles involved with both input and output are atomic (and sub-atomic) in nature not cellular.
Luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted by a star per second.
The same as everywhere else. Every mass has associated energy. Every energy has associated mass. Possibly this question is about the energy output of stars. Usually, the more mass a star has the higher its rate of energy output.
Luminosity is defined as the rate at which a star gives off energy. Luminosity can be measured in joules per second or watts.
A supernova is the catastrophic death of a star, characterized by a massive output of energy.
The temperature of a yellow star's photo sphere is hotter than that of and orange star. However the total energy output of an orange star may be greater than that of a yellow star.
Magnitude is the measure of the brightness of a star or other celestial body.And, intensity is the measure of energy flux
The surface temperature is not a reliable indicator about how long a star will last. However, the total energy output is. If a star produces a lot of energy, it will burn through its fuel faster.
Energy output, as absolute brightness (magnitude) is taken at a standard distance of 10 parsecs.
Not sure what you mean with "the same", but the habitable zone will presumably be closer to the star, or further away, depending on the star's total energy output.