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What percentage of full-term male infants are born with undescended testicles?
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About 3-4% of full-term male infants are born with undescended testicles.
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90%
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Infants
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How how to know when an infants testicles have dropped?
Infants have their testicles in their scrotum from before birth, if they are not there at birth, then the doctor will have to do a procedure to get them to descend from the abdomen.
What occurs as a result of undescended testes?
The most common problems associated with undescended testicles are testicular neoplasm, subfertility, testicular torsion and inguinal hernia. Also, it has been well documented that men with a history of undescended testicle have a higher-than-expected incidence of testicular germ cell cancers. While the likelihood of developing testicular cancer has probably been overestimated in the past, the incidence among men with an undescended testicle is approximately one in 1,000 to one in 2,500. Undescended testicles can be categorized on the basis of physical and operative findings: (1) true undescended testicles (including intra-abdominal, peeping at the internal ring and canalicular testes), which exist along the normal path of descent and have a normally inserted gubernaculum; (2) ectopic testicles, which have an abnormal gubernacular insertion; and (3) retractile testicles, which are not truly undescended. The most important category to distinguish on physical examination is the retractile testis, because no hormone or surgical therapy is required for this condition. Approximately 20 percent of infants who present with cryptorchidism have at least one nonpalpable testicle. Through surgical examination, about one half of nonpalpable testes are found to be intra-abdominal, while the rest represent absent (vanishing) or atrophic testes. The vanishing testicle is thought to be caused by intrauterine testicular torsion.
What is a Orchiopexy?
An orchioplexy is done to correct undescended testicles in young children. It may also be done in adults or older children for testicular torsion which is considered to be a medical emergency because it cuts off the blood supply to the affected testicle.
What causes a man's testicles to stay halfway in his body cavity all the time?
An undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) is a testicle that hasn't moved into its proper position in the bag of skin hanging below the penis (scrotum) before birth. Usually just one testicle is affected, but about 10 percent of the time both testicles are undescended. An undescended testicle is uncommon in general, but common among baby boys born prematurely. The vast majority of the time, the undescended testicle moves into the proper position on its own, within the first few months of life. If your son has an undescended testicle that doesn't correct itself, surgery can relocate the testicle into the scrotum. Testicles form in the abdomen during fetal development. During the last couple of months of normal fetal development, the testicles gradually descend from the abdomen through a tube-like passageway in the groin (inguinal canal) into the scrotum. With an undescended testicle, that process stops or is delayed. If the testicle hasn't moved into the scrotum by the time your son is 4 months old, the problem probably won't correct itself. Treating an undescended testicle when your son is still a baby might lower the risk of complications later in life, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Older boys - from infants to pre-adolescent boys - who have normally descended testicles at birth might appear to be "missing" a testicle later. This condition might indicate: A retractile testicle, which moves back and forth between the scrotum and the groin and might be easily guided by hand into the scrotum during a physical exam. This is not abnormal and is due to a muscle reflex in the scrotum. An ascending testicle, or acquired undescended testicle, that has "returned" to the groin and can't be easily guided by hand into the scrotum. If you notice any changes in your genitals or are concerned, talk to your doctor. ~Mayo Clinic
Undescended testicle?
DefinitionUndescended testicle occurs when one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth.Alternative NamesCryptorchidism; Empty scrotum - undescended testes; Scrotum - empty (undescended testes); Monorchism; Vanished testes - undescended; Retractile testesCauses, incidence, and risk factorsUndescended testicles are fairly common in premature infants. They occur in about 3 - 4% of full-term infants. In most cases the testicles descend by the time the child is 9 months old.Once a testicle has been discovered in the scrotum, it is generally considered descended even if it is temporarily pulled back (retracted) on a later examination.Sometimes a condition called retractile testes will develop. In this condition, the health care provider can sometimes locate the testicles and sometimes not.This occurs because of the strength of the muscle reflex (cremasteric reflex) that retracts the testicles and the small size of the testicles before puberty. In this instance, the testicles descend at puberty. This is considered a type of normal. Surgical correction is not needed.Testicles that do not descend by the time the child is 1 year old should be carefully evaluated. Studies suggest that surgery should be done by this age to confirm the diagnosis and to reduce the chances of permanent damage to the testicles.Testicles that do not naturally descend into the scrotum are considered abnormal. These undescended testicles have an increased likelihood of developing cancer, regardless of whether or not they are brought down into the scrotum.Bringing the testicle into the scrotum maximizes sperm production and increases the odds of good fertility. It also allows examination for early detection of testicular cancer.In other cases, such as vanished testis, no testicle may be found, even during a surgical procedure. This may be due to a problem that occurs while the baby was still developing in the mother. It may be present at birth (congenital).SymptomsThere are usually no symptoms, except that the testicle cannot be found in the scrotum (this may be described as an empty scrotum). Adult males with an undescended testicle may have problems with infertility.Signs and testsAn examination confirms that one or both of the testicles are not in the scrotum.The health care provider may or may not be able to feel the undescended testicle in the abdominal wall above the scrotum.TreatmentUsually the testicle will descend into the scrotum without any intervention during the first year of life. If this does not occur, the child may receive hormone injections (B-HCG or testosterone) to try to bring the testicle into the scrotum.Surgery (orchiopexy) is the main treatment. Earlier surgery may prevent irreversible damage to the testicles. This damage can cause infertility.Expectations (prognosis)Most cases get better on their own, without any treatment. Medical or surgical correction of the condition is usually successful.About 5% of patients with undescended testicles do not have testicles that can be found at the time of surgery. This is called a vanished or absent testis.ComplicationsIf one or both testicles do not descend, a man may be infertile later in life. Men who have an undescended testicle at birth are at higher risk of developing testicular cancer in both testes. Surgery to correct the problem may result in damage to the testicle.Calling your health care providerCall your child's health care provider if he appears to have an undescended testicle.Call your provider if you are a male, 15 years or older and you are unsure how to perform testicular self-examination(TSE) to screen for testicular cancer.ReferencesSchneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of the testes and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 127.Elder JS. Disorders and anomalies of the scrotal contents. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 545.
What does hydrocele do for people?
A hydrocele is a harmless build up of fluid around the testicles, creating a swelling in the groin and scrotum area. It is common in newborn infants.
Undescended testicle repair?
DefinitionUndescended testicle repair is surgery to correct testicles that have not dropped down into the correct position in the scrotum.See also: Undescended testicleAlternative NamesOrchidopexy; Inguinal orchidopexy; Orchiopexy; Repair of undescended testicle; Cryptorchidism repairDescriptionAs a baby grows in the womb, the testicles develop in the infant's abdomen. They drop down into the scrotum during the last months before birth.In some newborns, however, one or both testicles do not move down into the correct position. About half of these cases will descend within the first year of life without medical treatment.Undescended testicle repair surgery is recommended for patients whose testicles do not descend on their own.The surgery is done while the child is asleep (unconscious) and pain-free under general anesthesia. The surgeon makes a cut in the groin, where most undescended testes are located.After finding the cord that holds the testis in the scrotum, the surgeon unties it from the tissue around it so that the cord's full length is used. A small cut is made in the scrotum, and a pouch is created. The testicle is carefully pulled down into the scrotum, and stitched into place. Stitches are used to close any surgical cuts.In some cases, the procedure can be done laparoscopically, which involves smaller surgical cuts.Why the Procedure Is PerformedThis surgery is recommended for infants older than 1 year whose testicles have not descended into the scrotum (cryptorchidism).RisksRisks for any anesthesia are:Reactions to medicationsProblems breathingRisks for any surgery are:BleedingInfectionAfter the ProcedureUndescended testicle repair is successful in most cases. A small percentage of people will have fertility problems. (See: infertility)Men who have had undescended testicles should be examined every month throughout their lives for possible tumors. People with undescended testes have higher rates of testicular cancer than those with normal testicle development.Outlook (Prognosis)The surgery may be done on an outpatient basis. Bed rest is recommended for the first 2 - 3 days. Avoid strenuous activity, including bicycling, for at least 1 month to allow the testicle to heal in its new position.ReferencesSchneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of the testes and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, ed. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 127.Elder JS. Disorders and anomalies of the scrotal contents. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 545.
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