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To find the HCF of 12 and 16, you first express them as the product of their prime factors:
12 = 2x2x3
16 = 2x2x2x2
The next step is to identify any common prime factors. In this case both numbers have two 2s as prime factors. Multiply these together and you get 4. Therefore the HCF of 12 and 16 is 4.