When we keep the glass slab over some printed matter, the light coming from the letters (after reflection ) face change of medium at glass-air interface. Since glass has more refractive index than air, the light bends away from the normal as it goes out of glass. This apparently causes us to see the letters raised. Hope this clarified your doubt.

The lens power increases as the curvature of the lens surface becomes steeper. A lens with a larger radius of curvature will have a lower power, while a lens with a smaller radius of curvature will have a higher power. This relationship is described by the lensmaker's equation, which relates the power of a lens to the refractive index of the lens material and the radii of curvature of its surfaces.

a phenomenon called dispersion. This causes the different wavelengths of light to separate, resulting in the formation of a rainbow. The droplets act as miniature prisms, bending and reflecting light to create the distinctive bands of colors.

Light, typically IR.

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bc it does

Polar refers to the north and south poles. The poles are also the centers of the magnetic field that is around the Earth.

When water's chemical structure is drawn, the two hydrogen atoms do not bond in a straight line with the oxygen atom, but rather form a Micky Mouse shape. Additionally, the hydrogen atoms have a positive charge when bonded, while the oxygen atom tends to have a negative charge. Because of the irregular shape, combined with the difference in charges, the negative end has a tendency to stick out and cause one side of the molecule to be negative, and the other positive. This difference in charges on each side of a molecule is called polarity, but it can be applied to water specifically.

Incidentally, water also has a tendency to group together due to its polarity, forming hydrogen bonds with itself and other polar molecules. This is the reason for the phenomena that is surface tension; the water forms a net of sorts because the negative end on one molecule is attracted to the positive end on another.

Blurriness is caused by the light being too scattered upon the retina or the light not quite reaching the retina. So squinting blocks some of the light and may bend some of it as well.

In some cases, you might be able to squint hard enough to push in the cornea some, which would help with nearsightedness and some cases of astigmatism.

Calcite is birefractive which means that its refractive index depends on the polarisation and direction of propagation of the light that reaches it. For more introductory information please see the wikipedia article about this substance.

2 (no units)

The reason white light is separated into colors is because light of different colors have slightly different indices of refraction. Thus, for example, red light might be bent a little bit more than blue light.

Yes.

2 x 108 ms-1