constant
It is called a constant.
A constant.
Either called a "term" or a "constant"
In an equation, a number that stands alone is called a constant. It is a fixed value that does not change during the equation or its solution.
The adjective would be the number "one" (which might be called a determiner). The adverb is "alone" modifying the verb stands.
It is to make the variable the subject of the equation.
independent clause
The Winner Stands Alone was created in 2008.
The Winner Stands Alone has 375 pages.
butte
A Butte
The ISBN for "The Winner Stands Alone" by Paulo Coelho is 978-0061750441.