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They originated from the Indian subcontinent where the concept of a zero figure was conceived. The Arabs through trading links with India soon took on board the Indian system of counting.

In turn through trading links with the Arabs the Europeans via Spain also took on this system of counting which gradually super-ceded the Roman numeral system that the Europeans had been using since the days of the Roman Empire.

The Europeans called this new system as counting in Arabic numerals.

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Q: Hindu-Arabic numerals were developed around 400 BC and are used in a decimal base ten system Where were these numerals invented and why are they referred to as Arabic numerals in Europe?
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How long were roman numerals used for?

Roman numerals were largely abandoned during the 14th century, in favour of Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc). Unlike Roman numerals, Arabic symbols are positional and include the digit 0, and are therefore much easier to work with when working with number mathematically.However, Roman numerals are still in use today. Introductory pages in a book (prefaces) typically use lower case Roman numerals to differentiate them from the main pages of the book which use Arabic numerals. Where a book is made of two or more separate books, each book is often numbered with upper case Roman numerals, as in The Lord of the Rings, Book II: The Two Towers. Many analogue clock faces also use Roman numerals. We also denote years with Roman numerals, as seen during the end credits of feature films and TV productions. We also use them when listing items using ordinal linguistics (first, second, third, etc) and when referring to lineage, such as "King Louis XIV" and "Queen Elizabeth II". (To avoid confusion between the person and the boat of the same name, we usually refer to the person as "Queen Elizabeth the second", while the boat is referred to as "Queen Elizabeth Two" (or "QE2" in abbreviations)).


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