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encaustic
Ratios are used in paint mixtures to determine the correct proportions of different ingredients, such as pigment, binder, and solvent. These ratios ensure consistency and quality in the final paint product. By following a specific ratio, artists and manufacturers can create paint colors with the desired properties, such as opacity, drying time, and durability.
binder,pigment,extenders,and additives
pastel
The color in paint comes from pigment, the other two components of paint are medium and binder. In watercolor paint the pigment is ground with gum Arabic (the binder) and water is the medium. A majority of the pigments are toxic and can contain lead or zinc.
you use a scientific calculate
If the paint contained no binder, it would mean the pigment particles in the paint would not hold together and the paint would have trouble sticking to a surface
Pigment provides the raw color in a crayon. When mixed with the wax and binder materials the temperature then determines the exact color of a crayon once it is molded or pressed into a cylinder.
film formation
The pigments are the same as used in all painting medias. The pigments are held together by a wax binder.
Unlike "soft" or "French" pastel sticks, which are made with a gum or methyl cellulose binder, oil pastels consist of pigment mixed with a non-drying oil and wax binder.
you can calculate it by doing (tan then number the this) the line