You don't.
Yes, you can always have heavier wire than code requires.
If it does not come with a plug on it, no. If it is made for direct wire, then 99.9% chance is that it is a 240 volt unit. If you plug it into a 120 volt outlet your water will barely get warm.
If you are connecting 120 volts, you connect the black wire to the breaker, white wire to the neutral bar, and ground wire to the ground bar. If you are connecting 240 volts connect the black & white wires to the breaker, & ground wire to the ground bar.
You can't do that. An L14-30 is a 240/120 outlet and you cannot "make" 240 volts from two separate plugs; you have to have a hard-wired 240-volt source (either another type of outlet or wired directly to 240 volts).
Someone has wired 240 volts into your 120 volt outlet. If you have 240 volts you need a specially configured outlet so that a standard 120 volt plug cannot be inserted. If you have this situation you would see 120 volts to ground and not neutral. Sometimes if you don't look carefully an outlet will look like the standard 120 volt variety but it isn't. One of the slots is horizontal and not vertical although there may be a small vertical split. 240 volts doesn't just magically appear. What you are describing is on purpose. If it really is 120 volt receptacle you need an electrician to put in the proper receptacle or re-wire the circuit.
Generally, if the electrician did it right, the BLACK wire is HOT, and the WHITE wire is NEUTRAL. Meaning that the white wire is the center tap of the main transformer, and the black wire(s) are either leg of the 240 volt output. Since the hot to center tap only takes half of the 240, it ends up being 120 volts at your outlet.
Yes <<>> In North America, a three wire 120/240 volt system uses a neutral wire. For 240 volts two "hot" wires are used with no neutral.
Only if the cable going to your well pump is a three wire. The third wire could carry the neutral and you will have 120 volts from either 240 leg to the neutral.
yes you can. but you will have less 220 v circuits. <<>> In North America if you only have a two wire supply it is usually 120 volts. To connect a three wire load center to this supply, a jumper wire is connected across the two lugs that would have taken the 240 volt input if you had that supply voltage. This is where your 120 volt supply is connected. The neutral of the 120 volt supply connects to the neutral buss bar. What this connection does is "hot" up both sides of the buss bar so that you will have 120 volts on each breaker outlet. By eliminating the jumper you would only have every other breaker slot energized.
You can't. The 120 volt GFCI is probably just a 2-wire (hot, neutral and ground) You would have to run a new 3-wire (2 hots, neutral and ground). The two hots are how you get the 240 volts (120+120=240). Also you must make sure the wire is gauged properly. #10 wire for 30 amps, #12 wire for 20 amps, etc.
You can't combine the 2 120V lines together. A larger wire (the size depends on the Amps you are going to run) is required to run 240. You can't run 240 through a 120 wire, or 2 120 wires. A new circuit will be required from the circuit breaker box. <<>> To obtain 240 volts from a distribution panel you need a double pole breaker that connects across two slots in the panel. Don't think of the wires in terms of 120 volts. The above answer is fraught with mistakes. In truth a smaller wire can be used to run 240 volt equipment. There is no such thing as 120 volt wire. Common wire voltages 300 and 600 volts are based on the insulation factor of the wire. Home wiring insulation factor for wire is 300 volts. Commercial and industrial wiring is usually rated at 600 volts. If you have a specific question use the discussion page and I will talk you through it. If you have any doubts about an answer that you get, check the answerer's bio by clicking on their name to check their qualifications.
A four wire plug suggests to me that it is for split voltages. 120/240, hot - neutral - hot - ground will be the four blade connections for shore power in the US. With UK shore power three wire there will be no neutral as you know it. 120 volt equipment will not work. If there is a special berth for 120/240 shore power that is what you will need to tie up to.