Latitude is going across.
Polaris (or the North Star) is almost directly above the North pole. This means that when you stand on the north pole and look directly up, you will see Polaris. This also means that when you stand at the equator and look directly north, you will see Polaris on the horizon. You can not see Polaris from the Southern Hemisphere. The angle Polaris is above the horizon is equal to the degree latitude that you are standing on. Therefore at the equator, Polaris is 0 degrees above the horizon and at the north pole, Polaris is 90 degrees above the horizon.
The altitude of Polaris is roughly equal to your north latitude. Your longitude has no effect on it.At 35 degrees south latitude, the altituide of Polaris is negative 35 degrees. In other words,it's 35 degrees below the point on the horizon due north of you, and you can't see it.
The angle of Polaris above the northern horizon is very nearly equal to your north latitude, within about 1/3 of a degree. So it's over your head when you stand at the north pole, it sits nominally on your north horizon when you stand anywhere on the equator, and if you're south of the equator, you can never see it at all.
Polaris' 'elevation' ... the angle between it and your northern horizon ... is roughly equal to your north latitude. When you are . . . . . . on the equator (zero latitude), Polaris is on your horizon; . . . in Salem Oregon, Minneapolis, Grenoble France, Torino Italy, Ploiesti Romania, Jixi China, Wakkania Japan, etc. (45 degrees north latitude), Polaris is 45 degrees above your northern horizon; . . . at the north pole (90 degrees north latitude), Polaris is directly overhead; . . . south of the equator, Polaris is due north of you but below the horizon.
You would never see Polaris there because it would always be 41 degrees or more below the northern horizon. On the other hand you can see many fine stars and constellations that are never seen in North Europe or the north of the USA and Canada.
Yes, you can see Polaris from China.
Sleep Paralysis
The number of circumpolar constellations visible from a certain latitude depends on how far north or south you are from the equator. The closer you are to the poles, the more circumpolar constellations you can see because they never set below the horizon. At the equator, there are no circumpolar constellations, as all constellations rise and set over the course of a day.
There are a couple of reasons that make Polaris, the north star, very useful. First of all, Polaris is not DIRECTLY above the North Pole; it's about two thirds of a degree off. But that's close enough so that if we assume that Polaris is exactly above the North Pole, you won't go very far off. So if you can see Polaris, you know which direction is north. If you measure the elevation angle above the horizon of Polaris, your reading is your latitude. No calculation is necessary!
Your at the equator if you see Polaris at the horizon
Your at the equator if you see Polaris at the horizon
The angle of Polaris above the horizon is the same as the latitude from which you are trying to measure it. Hollywood Florida has a latitude of ~26 degrees, so Polaris is 26 degrees above the northern horizon.