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You can only do this for a regular octagon.

It is much easier to understand the method if you do a rough sketch and follow the explanation using that. Unfortunately, this browser does not support any kind of drawing!

Suppose the diameter of the octagon is D. Therefore the diameter of the circumscribing circle is also D.

Form the centre of this circle, draw lines to two adjacent vertices of the octagon. The lengths of these lines is D/2 because these are radii of the circle. These lines and the side of the octagon form an isosceles triangle, and the apothem is the height of this triangle.

Now consider half this triangle: the right angled triangle formed by the apothem, half the side of the octagon and the radius.

The angles at the apex of the octagon is 360/8 = 45 degrees. So the angle at the apex of the right angled triangle is half that = 22.5 degrees.

Then cos(22.5 deg) = Apothem/Radius

So that Apothem = Radius*cos(22.5 deg) = D/2*0.9239 (approx).

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Q: How do you find the apothem of an octagon with the diameter?
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