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An acceptable resistance for a ground to ground plate system is 2 ohms with a maximum allowance to 5 ohms. If the measured resistance is above 5 ohms more grounding rods or plates have to be added to reduce the resistance down to the acceptable levels.
Bentonite has an affinity for water. By packing Bentonite around the ground rod it increases the conductivity of the ground rod. Ground rods are not supposed to have a resistance above 5 ohms when compared to the utility's ground grid. Getting the ground rod into this resistance zone in bad soil conditions is aided by the use of Bentonite.
Not looped but connected to both ground rods and then connected to the meter base.
If you are reading a voltage it is the drop across the resistance to ground. To get rid of the voltage get the resistance lower. This can be accomplished by installing more ground rods to the grounding system. Utility companies usually like 3 ohms to ground or less.
The carbon rods have electrical resistance. Thisi causes them to heat when current is passed through them. The water gets heated by the carbon rods.
According to the NEC, if the ground rod supplements another grounding electrode such as a metal water pipe, you are required 1. If the ground rod or rods is your only grounding electrode, you are required at least 2, at least 6 feet apart. Check with your local jurisdiction for local requirements.
No the re-bar will rust in the ground when exposed to the ground dampness. This will cause the rod ground resistance to gradually increase. Approved ground rods are either copper clad or galvanized. In locations where it is impossible to drive a 10 foot rod into the ground the electrical code has approved ground plates that can be dug in and buried at two feet in depth. You want the resistance to be as low as possible on a grounding circuit. Alternatively, if that re-bar is part of the concrete foundation (Ufer ground) of the structure (and at least 20 feet long, 1/2" min. diameter) it is a perfectly acceptable grounding electrode. [NEC 250.52A3]
In 160 rods, there are 160 rods. This is a funny question.. ha ha ha. not.
The NEC makes no provision for using 1 ground rod even on a temporary service. According to the NEC you must use 2 ground rods. However in my area we are allowed by the local inspector to use just 1. Call your local inspector and see what he requires as he has the last word on this.
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Obviously 2.
There are four rods in a chain.