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Maybe. They would have had to think of all the possible side effects but the chance of this happening is tiny.

There are two explosions in a hydrogen bomb: a fission reaction of uranium or plutonium. This then creates the heat and pressure in the centre of the explosion to initiate the fusion reaction and explosion. The chances of the fission reaction causing a chain reaction in the water is very small as it needs large unstable nuclei to react like U235 but there is none in the sea. The chances of the fusion reaction creating a chain reaction is even less because the fusing elements need to be at millions of degrees and the sea is not a million degrees.

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Q: Is it true that the scientists in charge of the first hydrogen bomb test calculated the probability that the explosion would initiate a chain reaction of the hydrogen in ocean water?
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