It is an abbreviation for sine, and that word together with cosine and tangent are used in simple trigonometrical calculations about right-angled triangles. If we take the shortest side of the triangle, together with the hypotenuse (the longest side) these two sides enclose an angle. The sine of that angle tells us how long the third side is compared with the hypotenuse. Draw a triangle ABC with the right angle at A, the shortest side called AB, the hypotenuse called BC, and the remaining side CA, then if we wanted the sine of angle B we would divide the length of CA by the length of CB. If you want to find the Sine of 50 degrees on a calculator you would press buttons in this order: 50, then the sin button, and the answer would be given almost instantly in the calculator's window. That's much quicker than having to calculate for yourself.
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Sin is short for "sine". Sine is a function using in trigonometry.
Typing sin(4) and press enter for example would display the result of "the sine of 4".
What the sine function does is usually taught in a class such as geometry , pre-calculus, or trigonometry.