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A webkinz trade guide?

Want to Use the WIGEV on Your Website?The WIGEV was created by, and for the use of, Webkinz Insider members. If you are interested in using these values on another site, please feel free to post a link to this thread. Do NOT cut and paste the WIGEV on your site. The WIGEV is updated frequently, sometimes several times a week. If you are interested in using these values, the only way to make sure everyone is looking at the same data is to have it in one, and only one, location. This thread is it. --FIA************************************************************************Need Help Finding an Item?For a separate alphabetic listing of Webkinz World items, with references to their WIGEV sections, please check out this post: [ LIST ] Alphabetic Listing of Webkinz World Items************************************************************************Want to know what this stuff looks like?Check out this thread: [ PICTURES ] Picture Gallery of Webkinz World Items************************************************************************Table of ContentsClick on the category name to jump to that section.1-All Rare Items (Rares from the Curio Shop)2-Curio Shop Only Items (Also from the Curio Shop)3-Exclusive Items (Superbeds, POTM Items, Adoption Exclusives, Signature Theme)4-Magical Forest (Charms, Stars, Woodland, Zumwhere)5-Christmas & Hanukkah Items (Seasonal wShop Items)6-Trading Cards (Series One, Two, Three, and Four)7-Holiday Gift Bags8-Click-to-Win Items (Special Adz, Fests, Events)9-Glam Boutique Items10-Halloween Items (Seasonal wShop Items)11-KinzStyle Clothing12-Misc. Items (Coupons, Balloons, ETC)13-Pet Specific Items14-Trophies15-Virtual Figurines & Figurine Specific Items (Series One & Two)16-Webkinz eStore17-Webkinz Foundation (wCares & Caring Valley)18-Retired Items (wShop & Retired Curio Shop)19-KinzVille Academy Prizes20-Vacation Island Prizes21-eStore Replicas22-Kinz Clothes Outfits23-Deluxe Membership Prizes24-Gem Hunt Prizes (Arte & Doug)**PRICELESS Items Value Reference************************************************************************The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV)I am pleased to present to you the brand new Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value (WIGEV) Guide. This is the place to find the average Gift Exchange Value of all items in Webkinz World.The GE staff here at Webkinz Insider, assisted by several of our wonderful Gift Gurus, has worked very hard to make sure this guide is as accurate as possible. Since it is impossible to anticipate or account for every variable in every situation, average values have been provided. It is still up to you to assign specific values to the items in your list.Thank you to the following Staff and Gift Gurus for their wonderful work on this project:AuntkinzcynalotDisneymumhisgrace24jmsMasteryodamom2hnemiMommasmitchelland to anyone I may have forgotten. Thank you.--FIA (12/03/2007)---------------------------------------------------------------------The WIGEV is now just over a month old, and you may, or may not, have noticed that it has undergone some changes in the past few weeks. It seems like every few days new items are added to Webkinz World and/or older items need to have their value adjusted.In order to keep track of the day to day changes in the thread, so everyone will know what is going on, here is a list of the latest updates to the guide. Each time the guide is revised, a notation will be made here. At least one week's worth of notes will be kept here.The guide may never attain perfection, but hopefully it will keep pace with the ever changing values in Webkinz World and continue to be a useful tool for our members.--FIA (01/07/2008 )---------------------------------------------------------------------Changes made July 22nd through July 31stnew clothing items added to Magic MireBlack Panther PSI now "not currently available"Blue Dragster value lowered due to replicakey prizes separated from woodland wondersAugust 1st through August 7thGoo-Goo Berry value loweredAugust 8th through August 22ndnew PSIs added to PSI sectionyellow googles die added to misc sectionsurvey prizes added to misc sectiondeluxe machine prizes added to deluxe sectionmore estore items added to estore sectiongold safe added to estore replica sectionAugust 23rd to August 31stdeluxe prize machine values updatedSept 1st through Sept 7thnew super bed addedspace theme moved to curio shopnew wow prizes added---- Last edited by FIA; 09-02-2009 at 02:13 PM.. Reason: updateSponsored Links01-24-2008, 10:51 PM #2FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ---- *****************************************************************Important note regarding the exchange value of wShop Oak Pools:Most wShop items typically trade for around their wShop cost. Oak Pools, which are generally used as "currency" in trades, are an exception and are frequently valued as low as 1000 KC. The common use of wShop coupons to purchase Oak Pools for trading is a major factor in this lower value.*****************************************************************1-All Rare ItemsClick "show" to see pictures of the Rare ItemsSpoiler: show1-All Rare Themes"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Rares with NO ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 830x398.Ancient Civilization ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 816x394.Aztec ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 825x395.Egyptian ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x555.Medieval ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 830x564.Science ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 826x394.The longer rare items are away from the Curio Shop, the more their exchange value increases. Keep in mind that when it comes to rare items, patience is the key. Eventually everything comes back around again. Next to each of the rare items below is it's Curio Shop sale price and the date that it was last seen in the Curio Shop. If the item has not yet been sold in the Curio Shop, a special temporary value is shown in bold print.Need help with the math? See the chart at the bottom of this post.starting value: worth 1 to 1.5 times their Curio Shop sale price3 to 6 months after last appearance: worth 1.5 to 2 times their Curio Shop sale price6 to 12 months after last appearance: worth 2 to 3 times their Curio Shop sale price12+ months after last appearance: worth at least 3 times their Curio Shop sale price(Items that cost 10,000 or more are worth slightly less than 3x their value at 12 months.)Value is based on the last appearance in the Curio Shop, in any zone.Need help with the math? See the chart at the bottom of this post.Ancient Brazier (Ancient Civ.) 2600* (last sold August/19/2009)Ancient Civilization Flooring (Ancient Civ.) 1500*(last sold July/08/2009)Ancient Civilization Wallpaper (Ancient Civ.) 1100* (last sold April/12/2009)Ancient Emperor Statue (Ancient Civ.) 9050* (last sold July/04/2009)Ancient Ionic Column (Ancient Civ.) 6500* (last sold August/15/2009)Ancient Pyramid Lamp (Egypt) 1150* (last sold June/10/2009)Ancient Wading Pool (Ancient Civ.) 4500* (last sold May/28/2009)Aztec Artisan's Toy Box (Aztec) 6500* (last sold May/19/2009)Aztec Calendar (Aztec) 7200* (last sold July/21/2009)Aztec Fire Pit (Aztec) 11500* (August/23/2009)Azure Aztec Fridge (Aztec) 7935*(last sold August/03/2009)Bed of The Pharaoh (Egypt) 12500* (last sold July/15/2009)Bejeweled Coffee Table (Egypt) 3200* (last sold August/16/2009)Caesar's Chair (Ancient Civ.) 4200* (last sold July/18/2009)Centurion Candelabra (Ancient Civ.) 3900* (last sold August/14/2009)Centurion Coffee Table (Ancient Civ.) 4000* (last sold August/21/2009)Chiseled Stone Sofa (Aztec) 8435*(February/20/2009)Clock of the Future (Science) 1850* (last sold June/20/2009)Colossal Movie Screen 40,000* (last sold September/01/2009)Crown's Lineage Coat of Arms (Medieval) 1820*(last sold September/02/2009)Delicate Swan Bed 1750* (last sold February/20/2009)Domo Roboto Dresser (Science) 2895* (last sold September/02/2009)Dream O Meter Bed (Science) 4800* (last sold July/22/2009)Dresser of the Lost City (Aztec) 7290* (last sold August/20/2009)Egyptian Television (Egypt) 8995* (last February/15/2009)Egyptian Vanity Chair (Egypt) 2150* (last sold August/19/2009)Egyptian Vase (Egypt) 6250* (last sold August/02/2009)Egyptian Walls (Egypt) 700* (last sold July/09/2009)Elegant Egyptian Vanity (Egypt) 5345* (last sold August/05/2009)Emperor's Bed (Ancient Civ.) 11100* (last sold August/25/2009)Emperor's Dining Throne (Ancient Civ.) 5500* (last sold March/04/2009)Emperor's Settee (Ancient Civ.) 8300* (last sold May/16/2009)Experiment Station 1 (Science) 1150* (last sold August/22/2009)Experiment Station 2 (Science) 1150* (last sold August/26/2009)Experiment Station 3 (Science) 1150* (last sold August/07/2009)Experiment Station 4 (Science) 1250* (last sold August/04/2009)Exquisite Egyptian Obelisk (Egypt) 4500* (last sold January/08/2009)Fancy Fountain 2940* (last sold August/30/2009)Formula Blackboard (Science) 2500* (last sold August/31/2009)Geographic Globe (Science) 4000* (last sold August/14/2009)Golden Hippo Fridge (Egypt) 8425* (last sold June/18/2009)Golden Sun Stove (Aztec) 6700*(last sold August/09/2009)Golf Cart 2000* (last sold July/12/2009)Grand Egyptian Column (Egypt) 8000* (last sold July/29/2009)Grand Empire Chest (Ancient Civ.) 5750* (last sold September/02/2009)Greasy Grill 4400* (last sold August/19/2009)Griffin Emblem Rug (Medieval) - (see note below, under value chart)Griffin House Tapestry (Medieval) - eStore Item, Cannot be Traded or sent via KinzPost.Hand-Carved Lion Statue 1200* (last sold May/17/2009)Hot Air Balloon 1950* (last sold August/04/2009)Humvee Toy SUV 5500* (last sold September/02/2009)Imperial Dining Table (Ancient Civ.) 6250* (last sold July/13/2009)Imperial Side Table (Ancient Civ.) 3400* (last sold June/29/2009)Imperial Urn (Ancient Civ.) 3000* (last sold May/03/2009)Incubation Chamber (Science) 3050* (last sold April/25/2009)In-Home Bowling Alley 10000* (last sold August/28/2009)Interstellar Telescope (Science) 1951* (last sold July/24/2009)Jumpin' Jukebox 4500* (last sold July/31/2009)King's Guard Suit Of Armor (Medieval) 1875* (last sold August/01/2009)King's Royal Lamp (Medieval) 925* (last sold June/03/2009)King's Throne (Medieval) 5875* (last sold June/30/2009)Kinzvision Plasma TV 3995* (last sold May/13/2009)Please be careful to not confuse the RARE Kinzvision Plasma TV with the W-Shop KinzVision HDTV.Knight Of The Round Armor (Medieval) 2300* (last sold August/15/2009)Legionnaire Shield (Ancient Civ.) 2900* (last sold July/27/2009)Legionnaire's Suit of Armor (Ancient Civ.) 7100*(last sold July/28/2009)Luxury Hot Tub 10000* (last sold August/30/2009)Machu Picchu Pedestal (Aztec) 2370*(August/29/2009)Majestic Throne (Egypt) 10095* (last sold August/29/2009)Manic Monitor (Science) 3425* (last sold June/26/2009)Master Grill 4450* (last sold July/14/2009)Medieval Bear Tapestry (Medieval) - (see note below, under value chart)Medieval Chest (Medieval) 2675* (last sold June/25/2009)Medieval Coffee Table (Medieval) 1380* (last sold July/25/2009)Medieval Curtains (Medieval) 1300* (last sold July/26/2009)Medieval Dining Chair (Medieval) 995* (last sold July/15/2009)Medieval Dresser (Medieval) 2995* (last sold July/27/2009)Medieval Lion Tapestry (Medieval) 1568* (last sold August/15/2009)Medieval Unicorn Tapestry (Medieval) (see note below, under price chart)Medieval Monarch Sofa (Medieval) 3915* (last sold September/03/2009)Medieval Stone Column (Medieval) 3000* (last sold July/12/2009)Mystic Eye Lamp (Aztec) 3100* (August/17/2009)Opus Sofa (Science) 4250* (last sold January/06/2009)Ornate Egyptian Side Table (Egypt) 3950* (last sold August/28/2009)Precious Stone Side Table (Aztec) 3190* (last sold August/12/2009)Queen's Throne (Medieval) 5500* (last sold August/10/2009)Quetzalcoatl's Chamber Bed (Aztec) 16700* (last sold July/28/2009)Ra's Golden Bureau (Egypt) 7480* (last sold August/11/2009)Regal Banquet Dining Table (Medieval) 3600* (last sold August/21/2009)Regal Flame Lamp (Medieval) 925* (last sold August/19/2009)Roadster Go-Kart 1150* (last sold June/23/2009)Robo-Handy Table (Science) 1600* (last sold August/03/2009)Rock Garden 2300* (last sold June/25/2009)Royal Banquet Chair (Egypt) 5500* (last sold August/22/2009)Royal Banquet Table (Egypt) 7250* (last sold July/11/2009)Royal Estate Bed (Medieval) 7750* (last sold August/31/2009)Sacred Pyramid Flooring (Egypt) 700* (last sold August/20/2009)Sacred Scribe Desk (Egypt) 3975* (last sold June/23/2009)Samauri Armor Stand 2200* (last sold January/18/2009)Sandstone Pedestal (Egypt) 1850* (last sold August/10/2009)Snakes and Ladders Floor 950* (last sold July/18/2009)Sofa of the Nile (Egypt) 9100* (last sold August/11/2009)Stone Circle Flooring (Aztec) 1200* (last sold September/01/2009)Stone Temple Walls (Aztec) 1200* (last sold August/25/2009)Super-Secure Trap Door Toybox (Science) 1950*(last sold January/31/2009)Theater Screen - see "Colossal Movie Screen" aboveTerra Cotta Chair (Aztec) 2900* (last sold August/24/2009)Terra Cotta Coffee Table (Aztec) 4000* (last sold February/27/2009)Theater Screen - see "Colossal Movie Screen" aboveThoughtful Think Tank (Science) 2300* (last sold August/11/2009)Tribal Totem (Aztec) 7600* (last sold July/21/2009)Turquoise Dining Chair (Aztec) 3700* (last sold September/01/2009)Turquoise Dining Table (Aztec) 9100* (last sold September/03/2009)Ultimate Experiment Station (Science) 2875* (last sold July/30/2009)Wild Safari Print Screen 1725* (last sold August/27/2009)Ye Olde Moving Picture Box (Medieval) (see Trading Card section)* = Curio Shop sale price, NOT the Exchange Value.40,000 starting value: 40,000 to 50,000*******************************************Medieval Unicorn Tapestry - Although this item goes with the Rare Medieval theme, it has never been sold in the Curio Shop. Ganz sent one to everyone who entered a December 2008 contest on the Webkinz Newz site. Ganz has said that the only way to get the Tapestry was through the contest, but a handful of members have reported getting them as Trading Card prizes. If the Tapestry becomes available again, the value will go down. The cash value of the Tapestry is 700 KC.starting value (December 2008 ): 2500 to 30003 to 6 months (March 2009): 5000 to 60006 to 9 months (June 2009): 7500 to 90009 to 12 months (September 2009): 14000 to 1600012 to 18 months (December 2009): 20000 to 2200018 to 24 months (June 2010): 30000 to 3500024+ months (December 2010): 35000 to 40000+************************************************Medieval Bear Tapestry - This item has also never been sold in the Curio Shop, but since it is part of the Medieval theme, it is listed here. If it is every offered for sale in the Curio Shop, the value will drop. The cash value of the Tapestry is 900 KC.Offered on the Super Wheel on June 28th, 2009.Starting Value (June): 6000 to 100003 to 6 months after last available (Sept): expected to be 10000 to 150006 to 9 months after last available (Dec): expected to be 15000 to 200009 to 12 months after last available (Mar): expected to be 20000 to 2500012 to 18 months after last available (Jun): expected to be 25000 to 3000018 to 24 months after last available (Dec): expected to be 30000 to 3500024+ months after last available (June): expected to be 35000 to 40000+************************************************The Griffin Emblem Rug was last awarded for a contest on the Webkinz Newz site on July 18th, 2009:Starting Value (July): 6000 to 100003 to 6 months after last available (Oct): 10000 to 150006 to 9 months after last available (Jan): 15000 to 200009 to 12 months after last available (Apr): 20000 to 2500012 to 18 months after last available (July): 25000 to 3000018 to 24 months after last available (Jan): 30000 to 3500024+ months after last available (July): 35000 to 40000+************************************************---- Last edited by FIA; 08-31-2009 at 10:04 PM.. Reason: tracking updated01-24-2008, 10:51 PM #3FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----2-Curio Shop Only ItemsClick "show" to view pictures of the Curio Shop Only ItemsSpoiler: show2-Curio Shop Only Items"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Curio Shop Only Items with No ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x630.Cat ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x277.Dog ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x283.Farm ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x266.Medieval ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x133.Science ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x135.With the exception of Rares, all items in the Curio Shop can be marked down as much as 40% and marked up as much as 20%. Curio Shop Only items, including Hockey, Country, and Cat themes, have a exchange value that lies somewhere in between their original price and the 20% marked up price. Since none of these items are away from the Curio Shop for more than a week or so at a time, they do NOT go up in value the way rare items do. Eventually everything comes back around again.Need help with the math? See the chart at the bottom of this post.* = original Curio Shop sale price, NOT the Exchange Value.Apple Chair 140*Arte Fact Plush Toy 75*Basketball Dreams Wallpaper 275*Basketball Hardcourt Flooring 350*Bee Antennae 40*Bee Shoes 100*Bee Stripe Pants 76*Bee Tee 50*Below Decks Wallpaper 200*Bone Coffee Table 180*Bone Couch 600*Bone Lounger 350*Bone Side Table 75*Captain's Quarters Flooring 390*Cat Ottoman 250*Cat Playground 200*Cat Sofa 450*Cat Street Post 80*Cat Television 600*Cat Tunnel 30*Cat Window 450*Chef's Hat 80*Chef's Shirt 95*Classic Gaming Room Flooring 295*Classing Gaming Room Wallpaper 275*Country Bed 350*Country Cabinet 450*Doghouse Bed 500*Dog Gym 150*Dog Lamp 50*Dog Side Table 75*Fishy Lamp 50*Funky Chair 210*Funky Neon 'Fro 362*Funky Table 250*Gift Box Shoes 150*Gladiator Helmet 1200*Hydrant 80*Kids Cupboard Sink 200*Lime Desk Chair 150*Loader Lounger 950*Medieval Flooring 900*Medieval Side Table 825*Medieval Trophy Pedestal 450*Medieval Wallpaper 685*Medieval Window 600*Orange Table 140*Pineapple Lamp 45*Queen Marie's Periwig 793*Rice Paper Divider 390*Rocket Ship Bed 600*Rocket Ship Flooring 90*Rocket Ship Wallpaper 100*Rockin' Pompadour 816*Royal Cat Bed 800*Royal Cat Chair 110*Royal Red Carpet 900*Scientific Trophy Pedestal 450*Screwy Lamp 685*Silver Sofa 400*Soccer Pitch (Field) Flooring 350*Space Book Holder 225*Space Chair 145*Space Dining Chair 140*Space Jukebox 475*Space Sofa 800*Space Study Console 250*Space Coffee Table 300*Space Dresser 550*Space Flooring 60*Space Light Projector 140*Space Poster 40*Space Side Table 110*Space Toy Box 200*Space Trophy Pedestal 200*Space Viewing Screen 900*Space Wallpaper 100*Thinking Chair 1325*Toy Purse 45*Treasure Chest 200*True Fan Soccer Wallpaper 285*Tutti Frutti Headdress 480*Viking Helmet 1066*Wagon Wheel Sofa 250*Wagon Wheel Table 250*Wooden Chair 95*Wooden Coffee Table 75*Wooden Stool 65** = original Curio Shop sale price, NOT the Exchange Value.---- Last edited by FIA; 09-03-2009 at 02:25 PM.. Reason: space theme info updated01-24-2008, 10:51 PM #4FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----3-Exclusive ItemsClick "show" to view pictures of all of the Exclusive Items.Spoiler: show3-Exclusive Items"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Retired ExclusivesThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x558.Current ExclusivesThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x560.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 822x563.POTM ExclusivesThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x418.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x425.Super BedsThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x420.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 826x287.Signature ThemeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x283.There are four types of "exclusive" items: regular Exclusive items, POTM Exclusive items, Super Beds, and Signature Exclusive items.*****************************************************************Signature Exclusive items - Furniture from the exclusive "Signature Theme" is awarded randomly for Signature Pet adoptions. All Signature Exclusives have a value of approximately 10,000 to 12,000 each. This value could change (up or down) if the availability of the Signature Series Webkinz changes.Dignified Drape WindowDignified Dreams BedLavish LimoSignature SofaStately Dining TableStately Dining ChairRegal RugStately BookshelfFashionable FireplaceMasterful Wardrobe*****************************************************************Super Beds - All Super Beds have an exchange value of approximately 10,000 KC.Unopened Super Bed boxes have an exchange value of approximately 12,000 KC.*Unopened Bed BoxApple Pie Bed (introduced Jun/11/2008 )Artist's Pallet (introduced Jun/11/2008 )Bed of Roses (introduced Feb/21/2008 )Big Top Circus BedBookworm BedButterfly Dreams BedDaredevil BedFantasy Coach BedFlower Power BedKing of the Castle BedLunar Moon BedMonster Bed (introduced Feb/21/2008 )Musical Maestro Bed (introduced June/10/2009)Night at the Movies BedRailway Dreams Bed (introduced Jan/07/2009)Sleeping Dragon BedStarburst Cloud BedStardust Dreams BedSugary Sweet Dreams BedTheater Stage Bed (introduced Feb/18/2009)Treehouse Bed (introduced September/02/2009)*****************************************************************POTM (Pet of the Month) Exclusive Items - POTM items exchange for 4000 to 8000 KC, depending on their popularity and/or how new they are. The POTM promotion started on October 1st, 2007.Balloon Blower (introduced May/2008 )Blooming Dandelion (introduced March/04/2009)Carnival Strength Tester (introduced April/17/2008 )Cloud Machine (introduced February/06/2008 )Crystal Sea Glass Flooring (introduced December/02/2008 )Crystalline Pond (introduced October/01/2007)Deep Diving Submarine (introduced October/30/2008 )Dex Dangerous Telescope (introduced late November 2007)Dex's Lug Bot Look Out (introduced October/01/2007)Donut Plant Seeds (introduced October/01/2007)Flying Saucer (introduced late October 2007)Frosty Snow Making Machine (introduced October/01/2007)Kinzville Cuckoo Clock (introduced mid-November 2007)Lurking Lagoon (introduced October/01/2007)Magic Genie Lamp (introduced June/24/2009)Newton's Giant Cradle (introduced October/01/2007)Magic 9 Ball (introduced January/10/2008 )Party Machine (introduced mid-November 2007)Playful Picture (introduced October/01/2007)Rocky Shores Lighthouse (introduced late November 2007)Steam Powered Moving Picture Machine (introduced late October 2007)Stellar Star Blaster (introduced October 1st 2007)Super Stunt Cycle (introduced October 1st 2007)*****************************************************************Exclusives - Currently Available - Currently available Exclusive Items exchange for 2000 to 4000 KC, depending on their popularity. Animated and/or new items are usually worth more and plants and/or older items are worth less.All currently available exclusives have the exact same odds of being awarded at an adoption. None of them are any more "rare" than any of the others. If you decide to exchange for higher than the suggested value, just make sure you understand why you are paying more. If both members are happy with the exchange, that is what is important.---------------------------------------------------------------------Exclusives - Officially RetiredRetirement Announced: 6000 to 100003 to 6 months after last available: 10000 to 150006 to 9 months after last available: 15000 to 200009 to 12 months after last available: 20000 to 2500012 to 18 months after last available: 25000 to 3000018 to 24 months after last available: 30000 to 3500024 to 30 months after last available: 35000 to 4000030 to 36 months after last available: 40000 to PricelessFor more on the value of "priceless" items, please click HERE.---------------------------------------------------------------------Bonus Gift Box - cannot be traded or send via KinzPostAll Exclusives (Current and Retired)4-Wheel ATV (introduced June/30/2007)Ambulance (introduced February/21/2008 )Amethyst Geode (introduced May 2006)Antique Fashion Mirror (introduced October/01/2008 )Antique Lamp Post (introduced February/21/2008 )Back Country Outhouse (introduced May/16/2008 )Blue Dragster (retired May 2006) PRICELESS (See Section #21, eStore Replicas, for an important note.)Blue Wagon Racer (retired June/24/2009)Bumper Car (introduced March/18/2009)Circle of Friends TopiaryCuckoo Cat ClockDancing Zingoz (introduced October/01/2008 )Desert Window (introduced June/30/2007)Dex Dangerous Space Fighter (introduced May/16/2008 )Disco Ball (introduced June/30/2007)Electric Blue Mauna Loa Lamp (introduced June/30/2007, retired May/16/2008 )Elephant FountainFancy Tea Service (retired June/30/2007)Farm Tractor (introduced May/16/2008 )Gas Pump (introduced June/24/2009)Gemstone TableGiant Feather Chair (introduced February/21/2008 )Giant Gift Box (introduced March/18/2009)Giant Sandwich Table (introduced February/21/2008 )Giant Venus Flytrap (retired February/21/2008 )Gold Safe (retired March/18/2009)Grandfather Clock (Blue) (retired June/30/2007)Haunted Painting (introduced May/16/2008 )Ice Cream Tree (retired May/16/2008 ) (eStore "replica" for this item has not affected the value)Jellybean TreeJelly Lollipop Tree (retired February/21/2008 )Large Pane Window (retired June/24/2009)Magic Carpet (introduced May 2006)Mauna Loa Lamp (Red) (introduced May 2005, retired May 2006) PRICELESSMoon Rover (introduced June/24/2009)Neon Plant (introduced May 2006, retired March/18/2009)Prismatic ChairPropeller PlaneRainbow Coffee Table (introduced June/30/2007)Rainbow Jelly Cactus (retired June/24/2009)Rainy Day Window (introduced June/30/2007)Ribbons and Bows Tree (introduced June/30/2007)Rockin' Robot Digital ClockRunning Shoe Racer (introduced March/18/2009)School House Desk (introduced June/24/2009)Seaside Palace Sandcastle (introduced June/24/2009)So-Mod Moped Scooter (retired June/24/2009)Sparkle PlantStone Elephant Statue (retired May 2006) PRICELESS (See Section #21, eStore Replicas, for an important note.)Stoplight Lamp (retired March/18/2009)Strike-a-Posing PlantTime Warp Clock (introduced June/24/2009)Toadstool Table (retired June/24/2009)Twister in a Pot (introduced June/30/2007)Undersea Porthole (retired Feb/21/2008, un-retired Dec/17/2008, re-retired Jan/07/2009)NOTE: For the purpose of figuring exchange value for the Undersea Porthole,use the "re-retirement" date of January/07/2009 as the official retirement date.Vibrant Green Mauna Loa Lamp (introduced May/16/2008, retired Sept/09/2008, see important note below)Violet Volcano Lamp (Purple) (introduced May 2006, retired June/30/2007)Vortex Storage Unit (introduced June/30/2007)Wading Pool (introduced October/01/2008 )Webkinz Day Countdown (introduced March/18/2009)Webkinz Dragster (Red)Webkinz Theme Music Box (introduced February/21/2008 )Webkinz Totem Pole (retired May/16/2008 )Webkinz W PondWebkinz Wishing WellWindmill (retired March/18/2009)Wooden Grandfather Clock (introduced June/30/2007)Yang Yin BlossomZingoz Bubble BlowerGreen Lava Lamp: Because the Green Lava Lamp was available for such a short time, the values listed at the top of this section do NOT apply. In the case of the Green Lava Lamp ONLY, please use the "introduction date", in place of the "retirement date". In other words, for the purpose of figuring value, pretend that the lamp was retired on May/16/2008.---- Last edited by FIA; 09-02-2009 at 02:21 PM.. Reason: treehouse superbed added01-24-2008, 10:51 PM #5FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----4-Magical Forest ItemsClick "show" to view pictures of the Magical Forest ItemsSpoiler: show4-Magical Forest"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Fairy FallsThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x415.Star ChallengeThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 826x283.Woodland WondersThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 824x563.ZumwhereThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x422.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x565.Magic MireThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x424.Caring Valley pics are in the Webkinz Foundation section on the next page.Fairy FallsFairy Falls items are unique because, with the exception of the candy and the shirts, each prize can only be earned once per account. Because of this, these items maintain a very high value. It has been confirmed that once you find all 40 forest charms, you are free to continue searching in the forest for candy and t-shirts, but you will NOT be able to unlock the large prizes again.Fairy Falls Charm Candy - Maybe worth 15 KC. Usually given away for free.Magic Charm Forest Bad Fairy T-Shirt - These have a exchange value of about 50 KC.Magic Charm Forest Good Fairy T-Shirt - These have a exchange value of about 50 KC.Charm Forest Dining Chair - 8000 to 10000 eachCharm Forest Wallpaper - 10000 to 12000Charm Forest Floor - 10000 to 12000Charm Forest Dining Table - 15000 to 17000Fairy Topiary - 15000 to 17000Fairy Falls Fountain - 10000 to 12000Fairy Falls Forest Tiara - 20000 to 22000Grand Charmling Tree - 30,000 to 35,000Charm Tree Box - no exchange value, can't be sent via KinzPostCharm Armoire - no exchange value, can't be sent via KinzPostCharm Credenza - no exchange value, can't be sent via KinzPost*******************************Star ChallengeClothing 100 to 200 eachSolar BeltSolar ShoesSolar SlacksSolar JacketSolar HelmetFood (Fairy Biscuits) 15 eachAlyssa CookieMeteor CookieMoon CookieStar CookieSky CookieGrand Prize 10,000 to 12,000Fairy High Council Throne*******************************Woodland WondersImportant Note: If the item can also be purchased in the wShop, use the wShop cost as it's exchange value. Dark Glasses, Chocolate Cake, Strawberry Seeds, etc., are all worth less than 100KC.Common Prizes - 4000 to 6000Charmed Mushroom HatMagical Forest PantsUncommon Prizes - 6000 to 8000Wand Sparkle TreeCharmed BootsRare Prizes - 8000 to 10000Ancient Bronze Fairy ShieldCharmed DressMale Fairy PlushWoodland Tiara*******************************Key Prizes (keys found in Woodland Wonders and Magic Mire)Silver Key Prizes - 15,000 to 20000Magical Forest Top HatMagical Forest CrystalPixie Pod Balloons(or a Gold Key to add to your Gold Key collection)Gold Key Prizes - 20,000 to 25,000Magical Forest Key PlaqueWoodland Wonders Collection BoxGold Leaf Dining Chair(or an Emerald Key to add to your Emerald Key collection)Emerald Key Prize - 25,000 to 30,000Emerald Eye PyramidGold Leaf ArmorieGold Leaf Dining Table*******************************ZumwhereZum Field Guide - wShop item, sells for 1000 KC 250 KCZum Food - 25 to 50Chocolate ZumGummy ZumZum CupcakeZum SodaZum Sour CandyZum ToffeeSmall Zum PrizesZum Plush 6000 to 8000Zumwhere T-Shirt 6000 to 8000Zum Welcome Mat 6000 to 8000Field Hat 6000 to 8000Field Jacket 6000 to 8000Table Top Candles 8000 to 10000Zum Garden Ornament 8000 to 10000Zum Poster 8000 to 10000Magical Forest Wall Map 8000 to 10000Zumwhere Globe 8000 to 10000Zum Watching Case 10000 to 15000Field Chair 10000 to 15000Ancient Clay Pot 10000 to 15000Zum Cloud Car 10000 to 15000Zum Statue 10000 to 15000Field Sketch 15000 to 20000Cloudy Couch 15000 to 20000Zum Fountain 15000 to 20000Ponder Pond 15000 to 20000Zum Dreaming Tree 15000 to 20000Big Zum Prizes - Cannot be Traded or sent via KinzPostZum Crossing Sign (Lazy Zums Box)Field Guide Pedestal (Zippy Zums)Zum SanctuaryAncient Zum Field Guide (Bratty Zums)Zum TopiaryZum Costume (Hat, Body, Feet) Giggly Zums BoxZum Trophy (Peeking Zums Box)*******************************Magic MireAlyssa Plush - 50 to 100 KCNafari Plush - 50 to 100 KCCharm Fairy Top - 50 to 100 KCCharm Fairy Skirt - 50 to 100 KCBramble Circlet - 50 to 100 KCCharm Fairy Leggings - 50 to 100 KCCharm Fairy Shoes - 50 to 100 KCMagic Mire Charm Candy - 15 to 25 KCSwirling Leaf Tiara - 20000 to 25000Charm Forest Flowers - 10000 to 15000Charm Forest Mirror - 10000 to 15000Charm Forest Rune Stone - 15000 to 17000Charm Forest Sofa - 15000 to 17000Charm Forest Coffee Table - 15000 to 17000Charm Forest Window - 10000 to 12000Magic Mire Marsh - 30000 to 35000*******************************---- Last edited by FIA; 07-31-2009 at 03:26 PM.. Reason: key prizes separated from woodland wonders01-24-2008, 10:51 PM #6FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----5-Christmas/Hanukkah ItemsClick "show" to view pictures of the Christmas/Hanukkah Items.Spoiler: show5-Christmas/Hanukkah Items"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Seasonal wShop Items, last sold December 2005This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 831x140.Seasonal wShop Items, last sold December 2006This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x148.Seasonal wShop Items, last sold December 2007This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 830x142.Seasonal wShop Items last sold December 2008This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x421.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x422.Seasonal Christmas Accessory Items, December 2008This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 826x280.See category #7 below for Gift Bag information.---------------------------------------------------------------------Last Available in the wShop Winter 2005Elf Hat PRICELESS (NOTE: This is NOT the same as the "Elf Outfit Hat" from 2008.)Elf Shoes PRICELESS (NOTE: The "Elf Jacket" is a 2008 KinzStyle Item.)Nutcracker PRICELESSSilver Christmas Tree PRICELESS---------------------------------------------------------------------Last Available in the wShop Winter 2006Bright Light Modern Tree PRICELESSSnowcat Snowglobe PRICELESSRed & Green Gem Christmas Tree PRICELESSSilver Menorah PRICELESS (NOTE: This is NOT the same thing as the "Shining Silver Menorah".)---------------------------------------------------------------------Last Available in the wShop Winter 2007When trading for a previously available seasonal item, there is always the risk that the item might return with the next season, causing the value to drop considerably. How high or low you personally value an item is going to depend on how much you want to take that risk. The values below are intended to be a rough guide.NOTE: The future values listed are an estimate. They may need to be revised up or down depending on actual item availability in the Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange.If they don't return at one year (Dec): 8000 to 10000NOTE: The 10KC Candy Cane is an exception to the rule. See value below.15 to 18 months after the Holiday (Mar): expected to be 10000 to 1500018 to 21 months after the Holiday (Jun): expected to be 15000 to 2000021 to 24 months after the Holiday (Sept): expected to be 20000 to 3000024+ months after the Holiday (Dec): expected to be 30000 to 40000Green Kinz Kringle Outfit (Hat, Jacket, Pants)Magic W SnowglobeSparkling Christmas TreeFor the Candy Cane ONLY!If they don't return at one year (Dec): 250 to 50015 to 18 months after the Holiday (Mar): expected to be 500 to 100018 to 21 months after the Holiday (Jun): expected to be 1000 to 150021 to 23 months after the Holiday (Sept): expected to be 1500 to 250024+ months after the Holiday (Dec): expected to be 2500 to 5000---------------------------------------------------------------------Last Available in the wShop Winter 2008When trading for a previously available seasonal item, there is always the risk that the item might return with the next season, causing the value to drop considerably. How high or low you personally value an item is going to depend on how much you want to take that risk. The values below are intended to be a rough guide.NOTE: The future values listed are an estimate. They may need to be revised up or down depending on actual item availability in the Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange.When items leave the shop (Dec): still worth roughly their W-Shop value for a couple of months3 to 6 months after the Holiday (March): worth roughly two times their W-Shop value6 to 9 months after the Holiday (June): worth roughly four times their W-Shop value9 to 12 months after the Holiday (Sept): worth roughly six times their W-Shop valueIf they don't return at one year (Dec): expected to be roughly 8000 to 10000Cheery Chimney Fireplace 1900*Christmas Treats Coffee Table 300*Classic Christmas Tree 275*Colorful Menorah 125*First Snow Christmas Tree 300*Glittering Gem Tree 175*Golden Menorah 300*Grand Christmas Tree 1000*Holiday House Coat 115*Holiday Night Dress 100*Holiday Warmth Candle Lamp 110*Jolly Holiday Dining Table 1050*Merry Magic Sleigh Bed 1400*North Pole Lampost 315*Santakinz' Christmas Chair 875*Santakinz' Dining Chair 185*Santakinz' Side Table 195*Santakinz' Sofa 750*Santakinz' Workshop Dresser 850*Santakinz' Workshop Flooring 225*Santakinz' Workshop Wall Lantern 135*Santakinz' Workshop Walls 300*Santakinz' Workshop Wide Window 600*Santakinz' Workshop (not wide) Window 375*Shining Silver Menorah 250*Small Red Christmas Tree 150*Steps to Santakinz Room Divider 175*---------------------------------------------------------------------Other Christmas Accessories last Available Winter 2008KinzStyle Elf Outfit (Elf Outfit Hat + Elf Jacket)NOTE: This is NOT the same as the 2005 Elf Outfit.KinzStyle Red Santa Suit (Santa Hat + Santa Jacket + Big Black Belt + Santa Pants)NOTE: This is NOT the same as the Green Kinz Kringle Outfit from 2007.)Magical Holiday Wardrobe (comes with the Christmas Carrier)NOTE: This seasonal wardrobe is valued differently from all other wardrobes.NOTE: The future values listed are an estimate. They may need to be revised up or down depending on actual item availability in the Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange.In the case of outfits with multiple parts, please divide the total outfit value by the number of parts to the outfit. Hats will always be worth slightly more than the rest of the outfit parts.NOTE: The red Santa Suit is expected to return for Christmas 2009. There is no word yet on whether or not the Christmas Carrier or Elf Outfit will be returning.During the Season (Dec): 6000 to 100003 to 6 months after last available (Mar): expected to be 10000 to 150006 to 9 months after last available (Jun): expected to be 15000 to 200009 to 12 months after last available (Sept): expected to be 20000 to 2500012 to 18 months after last available (Dec): expected to be 25000 to 3000018 to 24 months after last available (Jun): expected to be 30000 to 3500024+ months after last available (Dec): expected to be 35000 to 40000+------------------------------------------------------------------------- Last edited by FIA; 05-08-2009 at 12:30 AM.. Reason: outfit note,01-24-2008, 10:51 PM #7FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%----6-Trading CardsClick "show" to view pictures of the Trading Card Items.Spoiler: show6 - Trading Card Prizes"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Series 1This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x556.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x282.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x563.Series 2This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 830x559.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 830x563.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 827x561.Series 3This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x560.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x565.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x426.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x285.Series 4This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x562.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x286.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x560.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 826x557.******************************************************************TC Series OneClassic Gaming ThemeBackgammon Galore Chair - 6000 to 8000Card Suit Coffee Table - 5000 to 6000Chair of Clubs - 2500 to 4000Chair of Diamonds - 2500 to 4000Chair of Hearts - 2500 to 4000Chair of Spades - 2500 to 4000Checkered Past Toy Box - 4000 to 5000Checkmate TV - 9000 to 11000Chinese Checkers Side Table - 2000 to 3000Crown Me Trophy Pedestal - 2000 to 3000Crowned Rook Dresser - 6000 to 8000Cut the Cards Counter - 6000 to 8000Game Board Wall Clock - 2000 to 3000Game Piece Poster Bed - 11000 to 13000Game Piece Sofa - 5000 to 7000Game Time Canopy Lamp - 2000 to 3000Games Under Glass Dining Table - 5000 to 7000Misc. PrizesDiceKinz Zingoz Pack - no exchange value, can't be sent via KinzPostSeries 1 Trading Cards Pedestal 4000 to 6000NOTE: The Pedestal is a prize from entering a Trading Card Album (old version) code.Ultra-modern TV - 8000 to 10000Virtual Trading Card Pack - 1500 to 2000Big Prizes (from collecting virtual trading cards)Gold Card Collector Trophy 30000 to 32000Master Card Collector Statue 40000 to 45000Sketched Kinzville Window 40000 to 45000Ultimate Challenge Sports Car 30000 to 32000Ye Olde Moving Picture Box 36000 to 38000PostersDragster TCG Poster - 500 to 1000Pool TCG Poster - 500 to 1000Quizzy TCG Poster - 500 to 1000Wishing Well TCG Poster - 500 to 1000Zangoz TCG Poster - 500 to 1000Trading Card ThemeTrading Card Bed - 9000 to 11000Trading Card Chair - 4000 to 7000Trading Card Clock - 2500 to 3000Trading Card Desk - 4000 to 7000Trading Card Dining Table - 2500 to 4000Trading Card Dresser - 5000 to 8000Trading Card Fridge - 5000 to 8000Trading Card Side Table - 2500 to 5000Trading Card Sofa - 5000 to 8000ClothingTrading Card Game Hat - 2000 to 3000Trading Card Game Jacket - 2000 to 2500Trading Card Game Pants - 2000 to 2500Trading Card Game Shoes - 2000 to 2500NOTE: The Classic Game Room Wallpaper and Flooring are Curio Shop Only items.******************************************************************TC Series TwoBig Prizes (from collecting virtual trading cards)At Paw Level Display Screen 40000 to 45000Collector's Paradise Waterfall 40000 to 45000Series 2 Collector trophy 30000 to 32000Space Shuttle Explorer 30000 to 32000W-Tales Sofa 36000 to 38000Gamers Garden ThemeDeck of Stone Bench 5000 to 7000Deck of Stone Dining Table 5000 to 7000Divine Dresser 6000 to 8000Gamers Garden Glass Side Table 2000 to 3000Playing Deck Chair 2500 to 4000Shrubbery Sleeper Bed 11000 to 13000Topiary of Clubs 4000 to 6000Topiary of Diamonds 4000 to 6000Topiary of Hearts 4000 to 6000Topiary of Spades 4000 to 6000Two Suits Deck Chair 2500 to 4000PostersGo-Go Googles Poster 1000 to 1500Husky Poster 1000 to 1500Let Me Help You Poster 1000 to 1500Love Puppy Poster 1000 to 1500Lunar Lugbotz Poster 1000 to 1500Nafaria Poster 1000 to 1500Quizzy Poster 1000 to 1500Supermodelz Poster 1000 to 1500Misc. PrizesPerfectly Purple Arm Chair 5000 to 8000Series 2 Trading Cards Pedestal 4000 to 6000NOTE: The Pedestal is a prize from entering a Trading Card Album (old version) code.Trading Card 2.0 Virtual Trading Cards 2000 to 2500Ultra-modern TV 8000 to 10000Trading Card ThemeTrading Card 2.0 Bed 9000 to 11000Trading Card 2.0 Chair 4000 to 6000Trading Card 2.0 Coffee Table 5000 to 7000Trading Card 2.0 Counter 6000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Dining Chair 2500 to 4000Trading Card 2.0 Dining Table 2500 to 4000Trading Card 2.0 Dresser 5000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Flooring 6000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Fridge 5000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Lamp 2000 to 3000Trading Card 2.0 Side Table 2500 to 5000Trading Card 2.0 Sink 5000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Sofa 5000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Oven 5000 to 8000Trading Card 2.0 Toy box 4000 to 5000Trading Card 2.0 TV 9000 to 11000Trading Card 2.0 Wallpaper 6000 to 8000ClothingWizard Glasses 2500 to 3500Wizard Hat 2500 to 3500Wizard Robe 2500 to 3000Wizard Shoes 2500 t0 3000******************************************************************TC Series ThreeGrand PrizeMagical Retriever * PSI PRICELESS * PSF 25 to 50Trading Card Condo ThemeTrading Card Condo Lounger 4000 to 6000Trading Card Condo Sofa 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Coffee Table 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Lamp 2000 to 3000Trading Card Condo Counter 6000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Dining Chair 3000 to 4000Trading Card Condo Dining Table 3000 to 4000Trading Card Condo Fridge 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Stove 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Dresser 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Bed 8000 to 11000Trading Card Condo Pedestal 4000 to 6000Trading Card Condo Toy Box 4000 to 6000Trading Card Condo Side Table 4000 to 6000Trading Card Condo Wallpaper 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo Flooring 5000 to 8000Trading Card Condo TV 8000 to 11000Misc. PrizesSeries 3 Trading Cards Pedestal 5000 to 8000NOTE: The Pedestal is a prize from entering a Trading Card Album (new version) code.ClothingCard Collector Beret 2000 to 3000Card Collector Button Coat 2000 to 3000Card Collector Capri Pants 2000 to 3000Card Collector Cropped Jacket 2000 to 3000Card Collector Coat 2000 to 3000Card Collector Classic Capri 2000 to 3000Card Collector Flip Flops 2000 to 3000Card Collector Bunched Pants 2000 to 3000PostersCharm Forest Poster 1000 to 1500Cheeky Monkey Poster 1000 to 1500Chicken Poster 1000 to 1500Chortletorte Poster 1000 to 1500Crocodile Poster 1000 to 1500Fred Rover Poster 1000 to 1500Goldfish Poster 1000 to 1500Monkey and Monkey Poster 1000 to 1500Ms. Birdy Poster 1000 to 1500Puppy Patrol Car Poster 1000 to 1500Whimsy Dragon Poster 1000 to 1500Witches Bathtub Poster 1000 to 1500Webkinz Character ThemeAmanda Panda Chest 5000 to 8000Amanda Panda's Spicy Chocolate Cake1500 to 2000NOTE: The Cake is a "food" that can be fed to your pet.Arte's Azure Zingoz Photo 2000 to 4000Arte's Clock 4000 to 6000Chef Gazpacho Stove 5000 to 8000Chef Gazpacho's Place Setting 2000 to 3000Dr. Quack Bed 8000 to 11000Dr. Quack Side Table Lamp 2000 to 3000Fred Rover Coffee Table 3000 to 5000Fred Rover Sofa 4000 to 6000Monkey & Monkey Banana Tree 3000 to 5000Monkey & Monkey Banana TV 5000 to 8000Monkey and Monkey Balloons 2000 to 3000Ms. Birdy Home Sweet Home Cross Stitch 2000 to 3000Ms. Birdy's Tchotcke Shelf 3000 to 5000Ms. Cowoline Reading Chair 5000 to 8000Plumpy Plush Doll 3000 to 5000Plumpy's Chair 3000 to 5000Plumpy's Writing Desk 5000 to 8000Quizzy Dining Chair 4000 to 6000Quizzy Dining Table 5000 to 8000******************************************************************TC Series FourGrand PrizeMystical Panda * PSI PRICELESS * PSF 25 to 50Trading Card ThemeCard Collector Bed 8000 to 11000Card Collector Coffee Table 5000 to 8000Card Collector Counter 6000 to 8000Card Collector Dining Chair 3000 to 4000Card Collector Dining Table 3000 to 4000Card Collector Dresser 5000 to 8000Card Collector Flooring 6000 to 9000Card Collector Fridge 5000 to 8000Card Collector HDTV 8000 to 11000Card Collector Lounging Chair 4000 to 6000Card Collector Pedestal 4000 to 6000Card Collector Side Table 4000 to 6000Card Collector Sofa 5000 to 8000Card Collector Standing Lamp 2000 to 3000Card Collector Stove 5000 to 8000Card Collector Toy Box 4000 to 6000Card Collector Wallpaper 5000 to 8000Character ClothingAmanda Panda's Dress 2000 to 3000Dex Dangerous Suit Bottom 2000 to 3000Dex Dangerous Suit Top 2000 to 3000Dex Dangerous Visor 2000 to 3000Dr. Quack's Lab Coat 2000 to 3000Fluffington's Vest 2000 to 3000Fred Rover Blazer 2000 to 3000Jerry's Blazer 2000 to 3000Kimmy's Overalls 2000 to 3000Ms. Birdy's Pink Blazer 2000 to 3000Ms. Cowoline's Blazer 2000 to 3000Ms. Cowoline's Skirt 2000 to 3000Nafaria's Purple Slippers 2000 to 3000Poncho's Shawl 2000 to 3000Poncho's Sombrero 2000 to 3000Sheldon's Surfer Hat 2000 to 3000Sheldon's Surfer Shirt 2000 to 3000Tabby Von Meow Headset 2000 to 3000Character FurnitureCrafty Kimmy's Club Sign 2000 to 3000Crafty Kimmy's Work Station 5000 to 8000Dex Dangerous' Landing Pad 2000 to 3000Dex Dangerous Master Control 5000 to 8000Dex Dangerous Model Space Fighter 4000 to 6000Dogbeard's Navigation Globe 3000 to 5000Dogbeard's Treasure Chest 5000 to 8000Dr. Quack's Eye Chart 2000 to 3000Fluffington's Antique Armchair 5000 to 8000Fluffington's Marble Bust 3000 to 5000Nafaria's Potted Vine 3000 to 5000Nafaria's Stained Glass Window 5000 to 8000Persephone Designer Manikinz 3000 to 5000Persephone Plush Doll 4000 to 6000 (also a Wheel of Deluxe prize)Sheldon's Surfboard 3000 to 5000Tabby Von Meow Hot Cup of Coco 4000 to 6000(NOTE: The Coco is an "object" not a "food".)PostersChimpanzee Poster 1000 to 1500Crafty Kimmy Poster 1000 to 1500Eagle Poster 1000 to 1500Little Lamb Bed Poster 1000 to 1500Orca Whale Poster 1000 to 1500Party at the Coral Cove Poster 1000 to 1500Smoothie Moves Poster 1000 to 1500Sweetheart Tart Poster 1000 to 1500Treasures of the Crystal Sea Poster 1000 to 1500******************************************************************---- Last edited by FIA; Yesterday at 05:49 PM.. Reason: persephone plush doll note01-24-2008, 10:52 PM #8FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----7-Holiday Gift Bags (and their prizes)The items in Holiday Gift Bags can be split into two categories: Food & Other. Unless otherwise noted, these items are valued as follows:The 12 and 24 month values are only if the items do NOT return with the Holiday.starting value: Food 1000 to 1500 * Other 2000 to 40003 to 6 months: Food 1500 to 2500 * Other 4000 to 50006 to 9 months: Food 2500 to 5000 * Other 5000 to 100009 to 12 months: Food 5000 to 10000 * Other 10000 to 1500012 to 18 months: Food 10000 to 15000 * Other 15000 to 2000018 to 24 months: Food 15000 to 20000 * Other 20000 to 3000024 to 30 months: Food 20000 to 30000 * Other 30000 to 40000NOTE: Some items from 2006 may already be considered "priceless". See notes below.30 to 36 months: Food 30000 to 40000 * Other 40000 to 5000036+ months: Food 40000 to 50000 * Other over 50000The intent is that there is a gradual increase in value over time between each of the values listed above. Values should go up slowly rather than "jump".Keep in mind that it is possible for gift bag items, or even entire gift bags, to be repeated from one year to the next. In the case of repeated items, go by the last date that they were available. This also means that it is possible for a highly valued item to drop suddenly to just a few thousand KC. So, in the weeks before a Holiday's return, anyone trading for Holiday Gift items does so at their own risk.*************************************************************First Year*************************************************************For more on the value of "priceless" items, please click HERE.Halloween 2005 (October 31st)"Halloween Grab Bag"Halloween Hat PRICELESSChristmas 2005 (December 25th)"A Christmas Gift"Holiday Tubby Tummies Bear PRICELESSEaster 2006 (April 16th)"Spring Gift"Bunny Ears (white) PRICELESSChocolate Eggs (See "Spring Fest" in "Click to Win" section for item value.)Webkinz Day 2006 (April 29th)"Webkinz Day Gift"Year One Cake PRICELESSYear One Trophy PRICELESSYear One Print PRICELESS*************************************************************Second Year*************************************************************Halloween 2006 (October 31st)"Zangoz Halloween Basket"Pumpkin Pop (seasonal W-Shop item, October 2008)Phantom Pop PRICELESSLicorice Bats (seasonal W-Shop item, October 2008)Jack-o-Lantern Hat (other) PRICELESSTooth Extractor: Recipe made using a Phantom Pop, a Pumpkin Pop, and Licorice Bats. PRICELESSPlease do not confuse this with the "Super Mega Tooth Buster", a W-Shop food that sells for 10 KC.Thanksgiving 2006 (November 23rd)"Thanksgiving Surprise" same as 2007Pumpkin Pie (same as 2008)Thanksgiving Dinner (same as 2007)Pilgrim Hat (same as 2007)Christmas 2006 (December 25th)"Christmas Gift"Holiday Fruitcake (food) PRICELESSSantaKinz's Reindeer Antlers (other) PRICELESSWinter Fun Zingoz (other) PRICELESSCandy Cane (seasonal W-Shop Item, December 2007)Valentine's Day 2007 (February 14th)"Valentine's Day Gift"Valentine's Bouquet (other)Cinnamon Hearts (seasonal W-Shop Item, February 2008)Fancy Chocolate Heart (food)Easter 2007 (April 8th)"Spring Gift"Marshmallow Bunnies (food)Chocolate Eggs (See "Spring Fest" in "Click to Win" section for item value.)Fuzzy Pink Bunny Ears (other)Webkinz Day 2007 (April 29th)"Webkinz Day Gift 2007"Year Two Cake (food)Year Two Trophy (other)Year Two Print (other)*************************************************************Third Year*************************************************************Halloween 2007 (October 31st)"Hall'ween Treat Bag"Frankenkinz Hat (other)Gummy Spiders (food)Pumpkin Pop (seasonal W-Shop item, October 2008)Super Mega Tooth Buster (current W-Shop Item) 10KCThanksgiving 2007 (November 22nd)"Thanksgiving Surprise"Pumpkin Pie (same as 2008)Thanksgiving Dinner (food)Pilgrim Hat (other)Christmas 2007 (December 25th)"Christmas 2007 Giftbox"Christmas Tree Hat (other)Wacky Zingoz Snowglobe (other)Gingerbread Monkey (food)Valentine's Day 2008 (February 14th)"Valentine's Day Giftbox"Sweetheart Chocolates (food)Heart's Desire Roses (other)Cinnamon Hearts (seasonal W-Shop Item, February 2008)Easter 2008 (March 23rd)"Spring Celebration 2008 Gift"Chocolate Eggs (See "Spring Fest" in "Click to Win" section for item value.)Tulip Planter (current W-Shop Item) 80KCSpring Celebration Shoes (other)Webkinz Day 2008 (April 29th)"Webkinz Day Gift 2008"Webkinz Day Cake 2008 (food)Webkinz Day 2008 Group Picture (other)Webkinz Day 2008 Trophy (other)Wish Token (no exchange value, cannot be sent via KinzPost)*************************************************************Fourth Year*************************************************************Summer Sensation (June 28th)(no box)Summer Sensation Place Setting (other)Halloween 2008 (October 31st)"Halloween Treat Bag"Pumpkin Pop (seasonal W-Shop item, October 2008)Fearsome Fang Gummies (food)Mummy Wrap (other)Thanksgiving 2008 (November 27th)"Thanksgiving Basket"Thanksgiving Platter (other)Bowl of Cranberries (food)Pumpkin Pie (food)Christmas 2008 (December 25th)"Holiday Gift Box"Holiday-Sno Cone (food)Holiday Arte Plush (other)Holiday Bomber Jacket (other)Wish Token (no exchange value, cannot be sent via KinzPost)Valentine's Day 2009 (February 14th)Valentine's Day 2009 Gift BoxTart Heart Candies (food)Cinnamon Hearts (seasonal wShop item, February 2008 )Valentine's Tubby Tummies Bear (other)Easter 2009 (April 12th)Spring Celebration Gift BoxChocolate Eggs (See "Spring Fest" in "Click to Win" section for item value.)Chocolate Egg Area RugSpringtime Jelly BeansWebkinz Day 2009 (April 29th)Webkinz Day Year Four GiftboxWebkinz Day Year Four Group PrintWebkinz Day Year Four CakeWebkinz Day Year Four TrophyWish Token*************************************************************Fifth Year*************************************************************Summer Sensation (June 28th)Summer Fun Picnic Basket*************************************************************Seasonal wShop FoodSometimes "seasonal" wShop food items don't come back with the return of the season.If they don't return at one year: 250 to 50015 to 18 months after the Holiday: expected to be 500 to 100018 to 21 months after the Holiday: expected to be 1000 to 150021 to 24 months after the Holiday: expected to be 1500 to 250024+ months after the Holiday: expected to be 2500 to 5000---- Last edited by FIA; 06-05-2009 at 11:37 PM.. Reason: update01-24-2008, 10:52 PM #9FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----8-Click-to-Win PrizesClick "show" to view pictures of the Click to Win ItemsSpoiler: show8- Click-to-Win Items"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.Click to WinThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x560.Fall FestThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x421.WinterfestThis image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 828x559.*************************************************************Past Adz*************************************************************Mr. Moo's Candy Bar Advertisementslast available in 2005Mr. Moo's Candy Bar - PRICELESSFor more on the value of "priceless" items, please click HERE.**************************************************************************************************************************Wacky Zingoz Jeans Advertisementslast available in 2006WZ Jeans - PRICELESS**************************************************************************************************************************Bee Movie AdvertisementsThe purpose of these advertisements was to promote the Bee Movie that was released in theaters on November 2nd, 2007. Clicking on these ads either gave you a larger ad for the movie, Honey from the W-Shop, or a Bee Costume. These Bee Movie ads were last seen in Webkinz World in early-November 2007. A few weeks later the Bee Costumes started showing up in the Curio Shop as Curio Shop Only Items.Please see the Curio Shop Only section for the Bee Costume exchange values.**************************************************************************************************************************Alvin & the Chipmunks Movie AdvertisementsThe purpose of these advertisements was to promote the Alvin & the Chipmunks movie that was released in theaters on December 14th, 2007. Clicking on these ads either gave you a larger ad for the movie, Waffles from the W-Shop, or one of three different Chipmunk Costumes. These Chipmunk ads were last seen in Webkinz World in mid-December 2007. We have no way of knowing if these costumes are gone forever or if they will return as Curio Shop Only items like the Bee Costumes did.Alvin Costume: Red Full-Length Hoodie + Cool Chipmunk Mask + Toy Electric GuitarSimon Costume: Blue Full-Length Hoodie + Chipmunk Mask (Glasses)Theodore Costume: Green Full-Length Hoodie + Cool Chipmunk MaskThis is for a complete costume. For a mask, shirt, or guitar by itself, divide by two.During the event: 250 to 500End of event (December): 500 to 10003 to 6 months after last available (March): 1000 to 15006 to 9 months after last available (June): 1500 to 25009 to 12 months after last available (September): 2500 to 500012 to 18 months after last available (December): 5000 to 600018 to 24 months after last available (June): 6000 to 10,00024 to 30 months after last available: expected to be 10,000 to 12,00030 to 36 months after last available: expected to be 20000 to 3000036+ months after last available: Expected to be 30000 to 40000*************************************************************Monthly*************************************************************Floating Pet of the Month RibbonsClick on a floating POTM Ribbon to get a Chocolate Ribbon. This is on the 1st and 15th of every month.Chocolate Ribbon - 250 to 500*************************************************************Annual*************************************************************WinterfestWinterfest is a re-occuring event in Webkinz World during which floating snowflakes drift across the screen. Clicking a Snowflake wins you a winter-themed prize. The first Winterfest happened for one week at the end of January 2007. The second Winterfest happened from January 26th to February 1st in 2008. The third Winterfest ran from January 12th to January 18th.Last available for Winterfest 2007Polar Plunge Poster (2007 prize)Last available for Winterfest 2008Fuzzy Winter Slippers (2008 prize)Hot Chocolate Frozen Mug (2007 & 2008 prize)Snow Cone (2008 prize)Snowflake Sweater (2007 & 2008 prize)Last available for Winterfest 2009Egg Nog (2008 & 2009 prize)Framed Winter Scene (2008 & 2009 prize)Googles Ice Sculpture (2008 & 2009 prize)Peppermint Hot Chocolate (2009 prize)Peppermint Snowflake (2007 & 2008 & 2009 prize)Potted Icicle Tree (2008 & 2009 prize)Roasted Chestnuts (2009 prize)Snow Bear Sugar Cookie (2008 & 2009 prize)Snowflake Rug (2009 prize)Snowy Blue Toque (2007 & 2008 & 2009 prize)Winterfest Parka (2008 & 2009 prize)Wool Scarf Jacket (2009 prize)Winter Fest prizes can be split into two categories: food and "other".During the event: food 250 to 500, other items 1000 to 1500End of event (January): food 500 to 1000, other items 1500 to 25003 to 6 months after the event (April): food 1000 to 1500, other items 2500 to 40006 to 9 months after the event (July): food 1500 to 2500, other items 4000 to 60009 to 12 months after the event (October): food 2500 to 5000, other items 6000 to 1000012 to 18 months after the event (January): food 5000 to 6000, other items 10,000 to 15,00018 to 24 months after the event (July): food 6000 to 10,000, other items 15,000 to 22,00024 to 36 months after the event: food 10,000 to 12,000, other items 22,000 to 28,00036+ months after the event: Expected to be 30000 to 40000**************************************************************************************************************************Wacky Zingoz Extreme PromotionThe purpose of this Click-to-Win event was to promote the release of the new Wacky Zingoz Plush Toy and the exclusive game that the adoption of this animal unlocks: Wacky Zingoz Extreme. Clicking a floating Zingoz won you one of three different candy bats. This event ran from March 6th to March 12th, 2008. It is unknown if this event will return for 2009 or what prizes may be available if it does.Candy Gravity BatCandy Hyper BatChocolate Batstarting value (March): 250 to 5003 to 6 months after the event (June): 500 to 10006 to 9 months after the event (September): 1000 to 15009 to 12 months after the event (December): 1500 to 200012+ months after the event (March): 2000 to 2500**************************************************************************************************************************-Spring CelebrationSpring Fest is an event in Webkinz World during which Easter Eggs float across the screen. Clicking on an Egg wins you a Spring Food, Chocolate Eggs. These are the same Chocolate Eggs that were in the Spring Gifts of 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. The first Spring Fest ran March 21st to March 23rd, 2008 (Easter Weekend). The second Spring Fest ran just one day, on April 12th, 2009 (Easter Sunday).Chocolate Eggsstarting value (Apr): 250 to 5003 to 6 months after the event (Jul): 500 to 10006 to 9 months after the event (Oct):1000 to 15009 to 12 months after the event (Jan): 1500 to 200012+ months after the event (Apr): 2000 to 2500**************************************************************************************************************************Webkinz ExtravaGANZaFlying Pigs have arrived in Webkinz World for the Webkinz ExtravaGANZa celebration, the celebration of the third anniversary of Webkinz World. Clicking on a Flying Pig wins you some Jellybeans. The Jellybeans were previously only awarded for incorrect guesses in the "Jellybean Challange" in late 2006. Please do not confuse these jellybeans with the Jar of Jellybeans awarded for correct guesses. Flying Pigs appeared on April 25th, 26th, and 27th, the weekend before the third anniversary. It is unknown if this event will return for 2009 or what prizes may be available if it does.Jellybeans (solid color)Do not confuse these solid color "Jellybeans" with the striped/spotted "Jelly Beans".(See "Misc Items", section 12, for the other type.)starting value (April): 500 to 10003 to 6 months after the event (July): 1000 to 12506 to 9 months after the event (October):1250 to 15009 to 12 months after the event (January): 1500 to 200012+ months after the event (April): 2000 to 2500**************************************************************************************************************************Zingoz Celebration - Floating ZingozZingoz Celebration is an event in Webkinz World during which Zingoz float across the screen. Clicking on a Zingoz wins you a Zingoz Plushie. There have been two Zingoz Celebrations: one in July 2008 and another in July 2009.Zingoz Plushiestarting value (July): 500 to 10003 to 6 months after the event (October): 1000 to 12506 to 9 months after the event (January):1250 to 15009 to 12 months after the event (April): 1500 to 200012+ months after the event (July): 2000 to 2500**************************************************************************************************************************Zingoz Celebration - Wacky Zingoz 600 TrophyAlthough this is not a "Click to Win" item, it has been included in this section because it is a part of the "Zingoz Celebration". There have been two Zingoz Celebrations: one in July 2008 and another in July 2009.Wacky Zingoz 600 Trophystarting value (July): 4000 to 60003 to 6 months after the event (October): 6000 to 100006 to 9 months after the event (January): 10000 to 150009 to 12 months after the event (April): 15000 to 2000012+ months after the event (July): 20000 to 25000******************************************************************************************************************************Floating Goo Goo BerriesThe purpose of this Click-to-Win event was to promote the introduction of the Go Go Googles arcade game in December 2006. It was a week-long event during which large Goo Goo Berries floated across the screen. Clicking on a floating berry would win you Goo Goo Berry. The event took place for one week in December 2006, December 2007, August 2008, and August 2009. (Last Appearance: August 18th, 2009)Goo Goo Berrystarting value (August): 250 to 5003 to 6 months after the event (November): 500 to 10006 to 9 months after the event (February):1000 to 15009 to 12 months after the event (May): 1500 to 200012+ months after the event (August): 2000 to 2500**************************************************************************************************************************Fall FestFall Fest is an event in Webkinz World during which floating leaves drift across the screen. Clicking a Leaf wins you a Fall-themed prize. The first Fall Fest ran from October 20th to October 26th 2007. The second Fall Fest ran from September 17th to September 24th 2008. It appears Ganz has moved the event up one month so it will not interfere with Halloween festivities. It is unknown if Fall Fest will return for 2009 or what prizes may be available if it does. The value of an item is based on the date it was last available.Corn Husk Doll (last available October 2007)Harvest Fruit Hat (last available October 2007)Maple Leaf Sweater (last available October 2007)Autumn Sunset Toque (2007 & 2008 prize)Decorative Wheat Sheaf (2007 & 2008 prize)Harvest Time Poster (2007 & 2008 prize)Hot Apple Cider (2007 & 2008 prize)Potted Elm Tree (2007 & 2008 prize)Pumpkin Soup (2007 & 2008 prize)Decorative Cornucopia (new in 2008 )Fall Festival Place Setting (new in 2008 )Orange Cable Knit Sweater (new in 2008 )Fall Fest prizes can be split into two categories: food and other.During the event: food 250 to 500, other items 1000 to 1500End of event (September): food 500 to 1000, other items 1500 to 25003 to 6 months after the event (December): food 1000 to 1500, other items 2500 to 40006 to 9 months after the event (March): food 1500 to 2500, other items 4000 to 60009 to 12 months after the event (June): food 2500 to 5000, other items 6000 to 10,00012 to 18 months after the event (September): food 5000 to 6000, other items 10,000 to 15,00018 to 24 months after the event (March): food 6000 to 10,000, other items 15,000 to 22,00024 to 36 months after the event: food 10,000 to 12,000, other items 22,000 to 28,00036+ months after the event: Expected to be 30000 to 40000**************************************************************************************************************************Griffin Emblem RugSee Rares in Section #1**************************************************************************************************************************---- Last edited by FIA; 08-18-2009 at 03:01 PM.. Reason: goo goo berry update.01-24-2008, 10:52 PM #10FIAFluffyInAlabamaJoin Date: Apr 2007Posts: 11,397Giftz: (118) 100%Re: The Official Webkinz Insider Gift Exchange Value Guide (WIGEV) ----9-Glam BoutiqueClick "show" to view pictures of the Glam Boutique ItemsSpoiler: show9-Glam Boutique"Click" on the pictures to make them LARGER.This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized 829x565.All of the Glam Boutique Boutique items exchange for 4000 to 6000 KC. An unopened Glam Boutique Shopping Bag (which allows you to select your item) exchnages slightly higher, for 6000 to 7000 KC.*Glam Shopping BagGlam Boutique FlooringGlam Boutique Floor LampGlam Boutique SignGlam Boutique WallpaperGreen Salon Reception ChairPersephone Light Box PosterPink Salon Reception ChairSalon Coffee TableSalon Dryer ChairSalon Reception DeskSalon Side TableSalon Styling StationSalon Stylist ChairStyles of Plumpy Light BoxSalon SinkSalon Styling Cabinet---------------------------------------------------------------------GUIDE CONTINUES ON PAGE TWO ------------------------------->---- Last edited by FIA; 10-23-2008 at 01:21 AM.. 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What is the results of a mutation?

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.[1][2][3] They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hypermutation.Mutation can result in several different types of change in DNA sequences; these can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[4] Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on cells, organisms have evolved mechanisms such as DNA repair to remove mutations.[1] Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.[5] Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates,[6] which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e.g. the human immune system.[7]Mutations can involve large sections of DNA becoming duplicated, usually through genetic recombination.[8] These duplications are a major source of raw material for evolving new genes, with tens to hundreds of genes duplicated in animal genomes every million years.[9] Most genes belong to larger families of genes of shared ancestry.[10] Novel genes are produced by several methods, commonly through the duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene, or by recombining parts of different genes to form new combinations with new functions.[11][12] Here, domains act as modules, each with a particular and independent function, that can be mixed together to produce genes encoding new proteins with novel properties.[13] For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision; all four arose from a single ancestral gene.[14] Another advantage of duplicating a gene (or even an entire genome) is that this increases redundancy; this allows one gene in the pair to acquire a new function while the other copy performs the original function.[15][16] Other types of mutation occasionally create new genes from previously noncoding DNA.[17][18]Changes in chromosome number may involve even larger mutations, where segments of the DNA within chromosomes break and then rearrange. For example, two chromosomes in the Homo genus fused to produce human chromosome 2; this fusion did not occur in the lineage of the other apes, and they retain these separate chromosomes.[19] In evolution, the most important role of such chromosomal rearrangements may be to accelerate the divergence of a population into new species by making populations less likely to interbreed, and thereby preserving genetic differences between these populations.[20]Sequences of DNA that can move about the genome, such as transposons, make up a major fraction of the genetic material of plants and animals, and may have been important in the evolution of genomes.[21] For example, more than a million copies of the Alu sequence are present in the human genome, and these sequences have now been recruited to perform functions such as regulating gene expression.[22] Another effect of these mobile DNA sequences is that when they move within a genome, they can mutate or delete existing genes and thereby produce genetic diversity.[2]In multicellular organisms with dedicated reproductive cells, mutations can be subdivided into germ line mutations, which can be passed on to descendants through their reproductive cells, and somatic mutations, which involve cells outside the dedicated reproductive group and which are not usually transmitted to descendants. If the organism can reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as cuttings or budding the distinction can become blurred.For example, plants can sometimes transmit somatic mutations to their descendants asexually or sexually where flower buds develop in somatically mutated parts of plants. A new mutation that was not inherited from either parent is called a de novo mutation. The source of the mutation is unrelated to the consequence[clarification needed], although the consequences are related to which cells were mutated.Nonlethal mutations accumulate within the gene pool and increase the amount of genetic variation[23]. The abundance of some genetic changes within the gene pool can be reduced by natural selection, while other "more favorable" mutations may accumulate and result in adaptive evolutionary changes.For example, a butterfly may produce offspring with new mutations. The majority of these mutations will have no effect; but one might change the color of one of the butterfly's offspring, making it harder (or easier) for predators to see. If this color change is advantageous, the chance of this butterfly surviving and producing its own offspring are a little better, and over time the number of butterflies with this mutation may form a larger percentage of the population.Neutral mutations are defined as mutations whose effects do not influence the fitness of an individual. These can accumulate over time due to genetic drift. It is believed that the overwhelming majority of mutations have no significant effect on an organism's fitness. Also, DNA repair mechanisms are able to mend most changes before they become permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise permanently mutated somatic cells.Mutation is generally accepted by biologists as the mechanism by which natural selection acts, generating advantageous new traits that survive and multiply in offspring as well as disadvantageous traits, in less fit offspring, that tend to die out.Contents[hide] 1 Classification of mutation types 1.1 By effect on structure1.2 By effect on function1.3 By effect on fitness1.4 By inheritance 1.4.1 By pattern of inheritance1.5 By impact on protein sequence1.6 Special classes1.7 Causes of mutation1.8 Nomenclature2 Harmful mutations3 Beneficial mutations4 Prion mutation5 See also6 References7 External linksClassification of mutation typesIllustrations of five types of chromosomal mutations. Selection of disease-causing mutations, in a standard table of the genetic code of amino acids.[24]By effect on structureThe sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Mutations in the structure of genes can be classified as: Small-scale mutations, such as those affecting a small gene in one or a few nucleotides, including: Point mutations, often caused by chemicals or malfunction of DNA replication, exchange a single nucleotide for another[25]. These changes are classified as transitions or transversions[26]. Most common is the transition that exchanges a purine for a purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine, (C ↔ T). A transition can be caused by nitrous acid, base mis-pairing, or mutagenic base analogs such as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Less common is a transversion, which exchanges a purine for a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine for a purine (C/T ↔ A/G). An example of a transversion is adenine (A) being converted into a cytosine (C). A point mutation can be reversed by another point mutation, in which the nucleotide is changed back to its original state (true reversion) or by second-site reversion (a complementary mutation elsewhere that results in regained gene functionality). Point mutations that occur within the protein coding region of a gene may be classified into three kinds, depending upon what the erroneous codon codes for: Silent mutations: which code for the same amino acid.Missense mutations: which code for a different amino acid.Nonsense mutations: which code for a stop and can truncate the protein.Insertions add one or more extra nucleotides into the DNA. They are usually caused by transposable elements, or errors during replication of repeating elements (e.g. AT repeats[citation needed]). Insertions in the coding region of a gene may alter splicing of the mRNA (splice site mutation), or cause a shift in the reading frame (frameshift), both of which can significantly alter the gene product. Insertions can be reverted by excision of the transposable element.Deletions remove one or more nucleotides from the DNA. Like insertions, these mutations can alter the reading frame of the gene. They are generally irreversible: though exactly the same sequence might theoretically be restored by an insertion, transposable elements able to revert a very short deletion (say 1-2 bases) in any location are either highly unlikely to exist or do not exist at all. Note that a deletion is not the exact opposite of an insertion: the former is quite random while the latter consists of a specific sequence inserting at locations that are not entirely random or even quite narrowly defined.Large-scale mutations in chromosomal structure, including: Amplifications (or gene duplications) leading to multiple copies of all chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them.Deletions of large chromosomal regions, leading to loss of the genes within those regions.Mutations whose effect is to juxtapose previously separate pieces of DNA, potentially bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes (e.g. bcr-abl). These include: Chromosomal translocations: interchange of genetic parts from nonhomologous chromosomes.Interstitial deletions: an intra-chromosomal deletion that removes a segment of DNA from a single chromosome, thereby apposing previously distant genes. For example, cells isolated from a human astrocytoma, a type of brain tumor, were found to have a chromosomal deletion removing sequences between the "fused in glioblastoma" (fig) gene and the receptor tyrosine kinase "ros", producing a fusion protein (FIG-ROS). The abnormal FIG-ROS fusion protein has constitutively active kinase activity that causes oncogenic transformation (a transformation from normal cells to cancer cells).Chromosomal inversions: reversing the orientation of a chromosomal segment.Loss of heterozygosity: loss of one allele, either by a deletion or recombination event, in an organism that previously had two different alleles.By effect on functionLoss-of-function mutations are the result of gene product having less or no function. When the allele has a complete loss of function (null allele) it is often called an amorphic mutation. Phenotypes associated with such mutations are most often recessive. Exceptions are when the organism is haploid, or when the reduced dosage of a normal gene product is not enough for a normal phenotype (this is called haploinsufficiency).Gain-of-function mutations change the gene product such that it gains a new and abnormal function. These mutations usually have dominant phenotypes. Often called a neomorphic mutation.Dominant negative mutations (also called antimorphic mutations) have an altered gene product that acts antagonistically to the wild-type allele. These mutations usually result in an altered molecular function (often inactive) and are characterised by a dominant or semi-dominant phenotype. In humans, Marfan syndrome is an example of a dominant negative mutation occurring in an autosomal dominant disease. In this condition, the defective glycoprotein product of the fibrillin gene (FBN1) antagonizes the product of the normal allele.Lethal mutations are mutations that lead to the death of the organisms which carry the mutations.A back mutation or reversion is a point mutation that restores the original sequence and hence the original phenotype.[27]By effect on fitnessIn applied genetics it is usual to speak of mutations as either harmful or beneficial. A harmful mutation is a mutation that decreases the fitness of the organism.A beneficial mutation is a mutation that increases fitness of the organism, or which promotes traits that are desirable.In theoretical population genetics, it is more usual to speak of such mutations as deleterious or advantageous. In the neutral theory of molecular evolution, genetic drift is the basis for most variation at the molecular level.A neutral mutation has no harmful or beneficial effect on the organism. Such mutations occur at a steady rate, forming the basis for the molecular clock.A deleterious mutation has a negative effect on the phenotype, and thus decreases the fitness of the organism.An advantageous mutation has a positive effect on the phenotype, and thus increases the fitness of the organism.A nearly neutral mutation is a mutation that may be slightly deleterious or advantageous, although most nearly neutral mutations are slightly deleterious.By inheritanceinheritable generic in pro-generic tissue or cells on path to be changed to gametes.non inheritable somatic (eg, carcinogenic mutation)non inheritable post mortem aDNA mutation in decaying remains.By pattern of inheritanceThe human genome contains two copies of each gene - a paternal and a maternal allele. A heterozygous mutation is a mutation of only one allele.A homozygous mutation is an identical mutation of both the paternal and maternal alleles.Compound heterozygous mutations or a genetic compound comprises two different mutations in the paternal and maternal alleles.[28]A wildtype or homozygous non-mutated organism is one in which neither allele is mutated. (Just not a mutation)By impact on protein sequenceA frameshift mutation is a mutation caused by insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can disrupt the reading frame, or the grouping of the codons, resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein produced is.A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and possibly a truncated, and often nonfunctional protein product.Missense mutations or nonsynonymous mutations are types of point mutations where a single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of a different amino acid. This in turn can render the resulting protein nonfunctional. Such mutations are responsible for diseases such as Epidermolysis bullosa, sickle-cell disease, and SOD1 mediated ALS (Boillée 2006, p. 39).A neutral mutation is a mutation that occurs in an amino acid codon which results in the use of a different, but chemically similar, amino acid. The similarity between the two is enough that little or no change is often rendered in the protein. For example, a change from AAA to AGA will encode lysine, a chemically similar molecule to the intended arginine.Silent mutations are mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein. They may occur in a region that does not code for a protein, or they may occur within a codon in a manner that does not alter the final amino acid sequence. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are a subcategory of the former, occurring only within exons. The name silent could be a misnomer. For example, a silent mutation in the exon/intron border may lead to alternative splicing by changing the splice site (see Splice site mutation), thereby leading to a changed protein.Special classesConditional mutation is a mutation that has wild-type (or less severe) phenotype under certain "permissive" environmental conditions and a mutant phenotype under certain "restrictive" conditions. For example, a temperature-sensitive mutation can cause cell death at high temperature (restrictive condition), but might have no deleterious consequences at a lower temperature (permissive condition).Causes of mutationTwo classes of mutations are spontaneous mutations (molecular decay) and induced mutations caused by mutagens. Spontaneous mutations on the molecular level include:Tautomerism - A base is changed by the repositioning of a hydrogen atom, altering the hydrogen bonding pattern of that base resulting in incorrect base pairing during replication.Depurination - Loss of a purine base (A or G) to form an apurinic site (AP site).Deamination - Hydrolysis changes a normal base to an atypical base containing a keto group in place of the original amine group. Examples include C → U and A → HX (hypoxanthine), which can be corrected by DNA repair mechanisms; and 5MeC (5-methylcytosine) → T, which is less likely to be detected as a mutation because thymine is a normal DNA base.Transition - A purine changes to another purine, or a pyrimidine to a pyrimidine.Transversion - A purine becomes a pyrimidine, or vice versa.A covalent adduct between benzo[a]pyrene, the major mutagen in tobacco smoke, and DNA[29] Induced mutations on the molecular level can be caused by:Chemicals Hydroxylamine NH2OHBase analogs (e.g. BrdU)Alkylating agents (e.g. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) These agents can mutate both replicating and non-replicating DNA. In contrast, a base analog can only mutate the DNA when the analog is incorporated in replicating the DNA. Each of these classes of chemical mutagens has certain effects that then lead to transitions, transversions, or deletions.Agents that form DNA adducts (e.g. ochratoxin A metabolites)[30]DNA intercalating agents (e.g. ethidium bromide)DNA crosslinkersOxidative damageNitrous acid converts amine groups on A and C to diazo groups, altering their hydrogen bonding patterns which leads to incorrect base pairing during replication.Radiation Ultraviolet radiation (nonionizing radiation). Two nucleotide bases in DNA - cytosine and thymine - are most vulnerable to radiation that can change their properties. UV light can induce adjacent thymine bases in a DNA strand to pair with each other, as a bulky dimer.Ionizing radiationViral infections[31]DNA has so-called hotspots, where mutations occur up to 100 times more frequently than the normal mutation rate. A hotspot can be at an unusual base, e.g., 5-methylcytosine.Mutation rates also vary across species. Evolutionary biologists have theorized that higher mutation rates are beneficial in some situations, because they allow organisms to evolve and therefore adapt more quickly to their environments. For example, repeated exposure of bacteria to antibiotics, and selection of resistant mutants, can result in the selection of bacteria that have a much higher mutation rate than the original population (mutator strains).NomenclatureNomenclature of mutations specify the type of mutation and base or amino acid changes. Nucleotide substitution (e.g. 76A>T) - The number is the position of the nucleotide from the 5' end, the first letter represents the wild type nucleotide, and the second letter represents the nucleotide which replaced the wild type. In the given example, the adenine at the 76th position was replaced by a thymine. If it becomes necessary to differentiate between mutations in genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and RNA, a simple convention is used. For example, if the 100th base of a nucleotide sequence mutated from G to C, then it would be written as g.100G>C if the mutation occurred in genomic DNA, m.100G>C if the mutation occurred in mitochondrial DNA, or r.100g>c if the mutation occurred in RNA. Note that for mutations in RNA, the nucleotide code is written in lower case.Amino acid substitution (e.g. D111E) - The first letter is the one letter code of the wild type amino acid, the number is the position of the amino acid from the N terminus, and the second letter is the one letter code of the amino acid present in the mutation. Nonsense mutations are represented with an X for the second amino acid (e.g. D111X).Amino acid deletion (e.g. ΔF508) - The Greek letter Δ (delta) indicates a deletion. The letter refers to the amino acid present in the wild type and the number is the position from the N terminus of the amino acid were it to be present as in the wild type.Harmful mutationsChanges in DNA caused by mutation can cause errors in protein sequence, creating partially or completely non-functional proteins. To function correctly, each cell depends on thousands of proteins to function in the right places at the right times. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, a medical condition can result. A condition caused by mutations in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder. Some mutations alter a gene's DNA base sequence but do not change the function of the protein made by the gene. Studies of the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation does change a protein, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.[32] However, studies in yeast have shown that only 7% of mutations that are not in genes are harmful.[33] If a mutation is present in a germ cell, it can give rise to offspring that carries the mutation in all of its cells. This is the case in hereditary diseases. On the other hand, a mutation may occur in a somatic cell of an organism. Such mutations will be present in all descendants of this cell within the same organism, and certain mutations can cause the cell to become malignant, and thus cause cancer[34].Often, gene mutations that could cause a genetic disorder are repaired by the DNA repair system of the cell. Each cell has a number of pathways through which enzymes recognize and repair mistakes in DNA. Because DNA can be damaged or mutated in many ways, the process of DNA repair is an important way in which the body protects itself from disease.Beneficial mutationsAlthough most mutations that change protein sequences are harmful, some mutations have a positive effect on an organism. In this case, the mutation may enable the mutant organism to withstand particular environmental stresses better than wild-type organisms, or reproduce more quickly. In these cases a mutation will tend to become more common in a population through natural selection. For example, a specific 32 base pair deletion in human CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32) confers HIV resistance to homozygotes and delays AIDS onset in heterozygotes.[35] The CCR5 mutation is more common in those of European descent. One possible explanation of the etiology of the relatively high frequency of CCR5-Δ32 in the European population is that it conferred resistance to the bubonic plague in mid-14th century Europe. People with this mutation were more likely to survive infection; thus its frequency in the population increased.[36] This theory could explain why this mutation is not found in Africa, where the bubonic plague never reached. A newer theory suggests that the selective pressure on the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation was caused by smallpox instead of the bubonic plague.[37]Prion mutationPrions are proteins and don't contain genetic material, however prion replication has been shown to be subject to mutationand natural selection just like other forms of replication.[38] See alsoAneuploidyAntioxidantBudgerigar colour geneticsHomeoboxMacromutationMuller's morphsMutantPolyploidyRobertsonian translocationSignature tagged mutagenesisSite-directed mutagenesisTILLING (molecular biology)References^ a b Bertram J (2000). "The molecular biology of cancer". Mol. Aspects Med. 21(6): 167-223. doi:10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8. PMID 11173079.^ a b Aminetzach YT, Macpherson JM, Petrov DA (2005). "Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila". Science 309(5735): 764-7. doi:10.1126/science.1112699. PMID 16051794.^ Burrus V, Waldor M (2004). "Shaping bacterial genomes with integrative and conjugative elements". Res. Microbiol.155 (5): 376-86. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.01.012. PMID 15207870.^ Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL (2007). "Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.104 (16): 6504-10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104. PMID 17409186.^ Sniegowski P, Gerrish P, Johnson T, Shaver A (2000). "The evolution of mutation rates: separating causes from consequences". Bioessays 22 (12): 1057-66. doi:10.1002/1521-1878(200012)22:123.0.CO;2-W. PMID 11084621.^ Drake JW, Holland JJ (1999). "Mutation rates among RNA viruses". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (24): 13910-3. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13910. PMID 10570172. PMC 24164. http://www.pnas.org/content/96/24/13910.long.^ Holland J, Spindler K, Horodyski F, Grabau E, Nichol S, VandePol S (1982). "Rapid evolution of RNA genomes". Science 215 (4540): 1577-85. doi:10.1126/science.7041255. PMID 7041255.^ Hastings, P J; Lupski, JR; Rosenberg, SM; Ira, G (2009). "Mechanisms of change in gene copy number". Nature Reviews. Genetics 10 (8): 551-564. doi:10.1038/nrg2593. PMID 19597530.^ Carroll SB, Grenier J, Weatherbee SD (2005). From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1950-0.^ Harrison P, Gerstein M (2002). "Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution". J Mol Biol 318 (5): 1155-74. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2. PMID 12083509.^ Orengo CA, Thornton JM (2005). "Protein families and their evolution-a structural perspective". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 74: 867-900. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133029. PMID 15954844.^ Long M, Betrán E, Thornton K, Wang W (November 2003). "The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old". Nat. Rev. Genet. 4 (11): 865-75. doi:10.1038/nrg1204. PMID 14634634.^ Wang M, Caetano-Anollés G (2009). "The evolutionary mechanics of domain organization in proteomes and the rise of modularity in the protein world". Structure 17 (1): 66-78. doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.11.008. PMID 19141283.^ Bowmaker JK (1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye (London, England) 12 (Pt 3b): 541-7. PMID 9775215.^ Gregory TR, Hebert PD (1999). "The modulation of DNA content: proximate causes and ultimate consequences". Genome Res. 9 (4): 317-24. doi:10.1101/gr.9.4.317 (inactive 2009-11-14). PMID 10207154. http://genome.cshlp.org/content/9/4/317.full.^ Hurles M (July 2004). "Gene duplication: the genomic trade in spare parts". PLoS Biol. 2 (7): E206. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206. PMID 15252449.^ Liu N, Okamura K, Tyler DM (2008). "The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes". Cell Res. 18 (10): 985-96. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.278. PMID 18711447. PMC 2712117. http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/v18/n10/full/cr2008278a.html.^ Siepel A (October 2009). "Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA". Genome Res. 19 (10): 1693-5. doi:10.1101/gr.098376.109. PMID 19797681. PMC 2765273. http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/10/1693.full.^ Zhang J, Wang X, Podlaha O (2004). "Testing the chromosomal speciation hypothesis for humans and chimpanzees". Genome Res. 14 (5): 845-51. doi:10.1101/gr.1891104. PMID 15123584.^ Ayala FJ, Coluzzi M (2005). "Chromosome speciation: humans, Drosophila, and mosquitoes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (Suppl 1): 6535-42. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501847102. PMID 15851677. PMC 1131864. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/suppl.1/6535.full.^ Hurst GD, Werren JH (2001). "The role of selfish genetic elements in eukaryotic evolution". Nat. Rev. Genet.2 (8): 597-606. doi:10.1038/35084545. PMID 11483984.^ Häsler J, Strub K (2006). "Alu elements as regulators of gene expression". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (19): 5491-7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl706. PMID 17020921.^ Eyre-Walker, A.; Keightley, P. (Aug 2007). "The distribution of fitness effects of new mutations". Nature reviews. Genetics 8 (8): 610-618. doi:10.1038/nrg2146. ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 17637733. edit^ References for the image are found in Wikimedia Commons page at: Commons:File:Notable mutations.svg#References.^ Freese, Ernst (April 1959). "The Difference between Spontaneous and Base-Analogue Induced Mutations of Phage T4". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 45 (4): 622-33. doi:10.1073/pnas.45.4.622. PMID 16590424.^ Freese, Ernst (1959). "The Specific Mutagenic Effect of Base Analogues on Phage T4". J. Mol. Biol. 1: 87-105. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(59)80038-3.^ Ellis NA, Ciocci S, German J (2001). "Back mutation can produce phenotype reversion in Bloom syndrome somatic cells". Hum Genet 108 (2): 167-73. doi:10.1007/s004390000447. PMID 11281456. http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00439/bibs/1108002/11080167.htm.^ Medterms.com^ Created from PDB 1JDG^ Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA (January 2007). "Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans". Mol Nutr Food Res 51 (1): 61-99. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200600137. PMID 17195275.^ Pilon L, Langelier Y, Royal A (1 August 1986). "Herpes simplex virus type 2 mutagenesis: characterization of mutants induced at the hprt locus of nonpermissive XC cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (8): 2977-83. PMID 3023954. PMC 367868. http://mcb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3023954.^ Sawyer SA, Parsch J, Zhang Z, Hartl DL (2007). "Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.104 (16): 6504-10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701572104. PMID 17409186.^ Doniger SW, Kim HS, Swain D, et al. (August 2008). "A catalog of neutral and deleterious polymorphism in yeast". PLoS Genet. 4 (8): e1000183. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000183. PMID 18769710.^ Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis". Nature 363 (6429): 558-61. doi:10.1038/363558a0. PMID 8505985.^ "CCR5 receptor gene and HIV infection, Antonio Pacheco.". http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/factsheets/FS_CCR5.htm.^ "PBS:Secrets of the Dead. Case File: Mystery of the Black Death". http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/previous_seasons/case_plague/clues.html.^ Galvani A, Slatkin M (2003). "Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(25): 15276-9. doi:10.1073/pnas.2435085100. PMID 14645720.^ 'Lifeless' prion proteins are 'capable of evolution'External links"All About Mutations" from the Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at StanfordCentral Locus Specific Variation Database at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyThe mutations chapter of the WikiBooks General Biology textbookExamples of Beneficial MutationsCorrecting mutation by gene therapyBBC Radio 4 In Our Time - GENETIC MUTATION - with Steve Jones - streaming audio

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