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What is a correct way to write the value 0xaa55 to physical memory address 0x67a9?
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What is boot strapping and where does the boot strap programm reside in a memory?
There are several meanings of Boot Strapping, but you mentioned a memory I will assume that you are talking about booting an operating system.Boot Strapping is technique where simple computer programs load and runs more complex programs.For example trying load operating system:BIOS (Basic Input Output System) - is the simple computer program.Boot Loader (Software that loads actual operating system) - is more complex software.When you press "Turn On" button on your computer BIOStakes action and starts testing hardware after that it looks in the first boot device for the first sector of the disk. One sector is 512 bytes long and here should be your code that BIOS will execute, in our case it is our Boot Loader. This first sector is called MBR (Master Boot Record) or VBR (Volume Boot Record) (depends on the structure on the first sector) and it should have 0xAA55 bytes on the end or BIOS will return error.After this our Boot Loader is now simple program which loads even more complex one, operating system.
How do you downgrade from 4.01 to 1.5?
Warning! Before you start, make sure that you are willing to take a chance at completely locking up your PSP and making it un-usable...HOW TO MAKE A PANDORA'S BATTERY TO DOWNGRADE YOUR PSPREQUIREMENTS :1) A spare PSP battery (recommended) , any make will do .2) A spare memory stick PRO DUO (it has to be PRO DUO)3) A PSP with Custom firmware ( OE or M33) or a 1.5 PSP. Ask you friends , search for oneINSTALLATION :1) Take out the 1.5 or Custom PSP ( OE or M33) and put in the spare memorystick (it has to be pro duo) and spare battery that you wanna modify .2)Now you gotta format the memory stick . Scroll to SETTINGS > SYSTEM SETTINGS > FORMAT MEMORY STICK3) OK now download this pack from http://igizmore.blogspot.com/2007/08/mak...tery-magic.HTML . and EXTRACT it with WinRAR . Don't have Winrar Download it from www.winrar.com4) Now extract the PANDORA folder from the downloaded pack to the desktop . Inside the Pandora folder you will find two other folders "msinst" and "mspformat"5) Connect you PSP to the PC via USB cable .6) Now in you computer go to START > RUN and type in CMD and click on OK . A black box will popout .7) Here's kinda the confusing part . your computer might show C:\ or C:\Documents and Setting\Username> … Now I told you to you to extract the folders to the Desktop . So copy the location of the msformat picture here paste it followed by the drive letter of your PSP (eg my psp drive removable disk (I the letter is I )Now if your PC shows C:/ in your CMD copy the address bar and paste it in followed by the letter of your psp drive .C:\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe IIF you PC shows C:\Documents and Setting\Username> copy the address bar and paste it in followed by the letter of your psp driveC:\Documents and Setting\Username>\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe I8) Keep trying till you get this prompt (like mine) :>>> C:\Documents and Setting\Username>Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe I>>> You are about to format the drive I .>>> All Data will be lost . Do you want to continue? [Y]Then you type in y and you will see>>> Drive successfully formatted, and partition moved.After that you can close the CMD box9) Disconnect your psp from the PC and remove the memory card and turn of the PSP , then place the MS (MS=memory stick) back in and turn the PSP on . Then reconnect you PSP to the PC . NOTE: You have to do this …10) Now download this pack from http://igizmore.blogspot.com/2007/08/mak...tery-magic.HTML , extract it with WinRar and copy the PSP folder and the UPDATE.PBP to the ROOT of the PSP memory stick . If you you have a 1.5 PSP no problem , If you have Custom Firmware make sure you turn on the 1.5 kernel mode .11) Disconnect your PSP . Scroll to GAME and click on "Pandora's Battery Firm. Installer" it will take a few moments . After its done remove the MS from the PSP turn it off then place it back in and turn the PSP back on again, you HAVE to do this .12) Connect your PSP to the PC . A Few files and folders will be formed in your ROOT , now copy the msipl.bin from the root to the "msinst Folder" which is inside your extracted Pandora folder . It should look like this13) Here we go again START >RUN type in CMD . That black box will open again . Now copy the address of the msinst.exe followed by the PSP drive letter followed by the address of the msipl.binNow if your PC shows C:/ in your CMD it should be something like this (with reference to PSP's drive as I)C:\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msinst.exe I Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msipl.binIF you PC shows C:\Documents and Setting\Username> then it will look something like this :C:\Documents and Settings\username>Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msinst.exe I Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msipl.binIf you did it right you will get a prompt like (this promp will differ from PC to PC) :>>> PSP MS IPL Installer>>> Load IPL code msipl.bin>>> 241664 bytes(59 block) readed>>> Target DRIVE is 1>>> Check partation Sector>>> boot status 0x80>>> start head 0x0B>>> start sec/cyl 0x0018>>> partation type 0x06>>> last head 0x7F>>> last sec/cyl 0xCFE0>>> abs sector 0x00000177>>> ttl sector 0x0003CF689>>> signature 0xAA55>>> Check BPB Sector>>> signature AA55>>> Check free reserved sector:OK>>> Write ABS Sector 0x10 to 0x1E7>>> Are You Sure ?[Y]Type in Y and you will get>>> Write MS BOOT CODECongrats you now have a Magic Memory stick . Now Disconnect your psp from the PC and remove the memory card and turn of the PSP , then place the MS back in and turn the PSP on .NOTE : if you get>>> PSP MS IPL Installer>>> Load IPL code msipl.bin>>>Can't open msipl.binThe location (address) of the msipl.bin is WRONG (i got this like loads of times until I figured it out just keep trying )14) After you have the magic MS leave it in the PSP then , Turn on your psp and go to Pandora's battery Creator , make sure you have the spare battery in it . I Recommend backing up so you can make the Pandora battery into a normal one press "triangle " first it will back up then go to "Pandora's battery Creator" again and press X … You normal spare battery is now a … PANDORA UNBRICKING BATTERY … WOO HOO… You did it .NOTE :when the Pandora's battery Creator loads and if you get "ERROR at address 0x27" or a similar error you are screwed , you cant turn that battery into a Pandora battery but you can use it as a normal battery . Use another battery and try again . How do I know this ??? coz I got screwed too : P .TO DOWNGRADE UNBRICK ANY PSP or to make your modded battery and MS to normal SEE http://igizmore.blogspot.com/2007/08/pan...ck-any-psp.HTMLCREDITS : ALL this is thanks to the Noobz! team ... Please donate to them for all the hard work the put in . visit their site www.noobz.euSome Video Links -http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=Chr5JdhFHXA (Making the Magic Mem stick) http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=CPMRuqLuJsI (Making the battery)Help from Afterdawn Forums and YouTube.
How do you make a Pandora?
Only Use this for an unbrickingPandora's BatteryLets get started ... A Pandora's battery (PandoraBatteryCo.com) is a special service battery along with the "magic memorystick" that can downgrade and unbrick any psp (even 3.52) . You can now bring your dead (bricked) PSP back to life or downgrade any firmware psp - safetly. This amazing breakthrough is all thanks to the Noobz! team which has some of the best PSP hackers . So here's how to make your normal battery and memorystick into a Pandora battery and magic memorystick . The tutorial will be kinda hard (I tried my best to simplify it) but hang in there it ain't that hard . Please follow the instructions carefully. NOTE : Vista users try using XP , vista seems to give loads of trouble . NOTE TO NEWBIES: you have to make your normal battery into a Pandora's battery via software and stuff not by manually short circuiting it or somethingREQUIREMENTS :1) A spare PSP battery (recommended) , any make will do .2) A spare memory stick PRO DUO (it has to be PRO DUO)3) A PSP with Custom firmware ( OE or M33) or a 1.5 PSP. Ask your friends , search for oneINSTALLATION :1) Take out the 1.5 or Custom firmware PSP ( OE or M33) and put in the spare memorystick (it has to be pro duo) and spare battery that you wanna modify .2)Now you gotta format the memory stick . Scroll to SETTINGS > SYSTEM SETTINGS > FORMAT MEMORY STICK3) OK now download this pack from here . and EXTRACT it with WinRAR . Don't have Winrar Download it from here4) Now extract the PANDORA folder from the downloaded pack to the desktop . Inside the Pandora folder you will find two other folders "msinst" and "mspformat"5) Connect you PSP to the PC via USB cable .6) Now in you computer go to START > RUN and type in CMD and click on OK . A black box will popout .7) Here's kinda the confusing part . your computer might show C:\ or C:\Documents and Setting\Username> … Now I told you to you to extract the folders to the Desktop . So copy the location of the msformat picture here paste it followed by the drive letter of your PSP (eg my psp drive removable disk (I:) the letter is I )Now if your PC shows C:/ in your CMD copy the address bar and paste it in followed by the letter of your psp drive .C:\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe IIF you PC shows C:\Documents and Setting\Username> copy the address bar and paste it in followed by the letter of your psp driveC:\Documents and Setting\Username>Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe I8) Keep trying till you get this prompt (like mine) :>>> C:\Documents and Setting\Username>Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe I>>> You are about to format the drive I .>>> All Data will be lost . Do you want to continue? [Y]Then you type in y and you will see>>> Drive successfully formatted, and partition moved.After that you can close the CMD box9) Disconnect your psp from the PC and remove the memory card and turn of the PSP , then place the MS (MS=memory stick) back in and turn the PSP on . Then reconnect you PSP to the PC . NOTE: You have to do this …10) Now download this pack from here , extract it with WinRar and copy the PSP folder and the UPDATE.PBP to the ROOT of the PSP memory stick . If you you have a 1.5 PSP no problem , If you have Custom Firmware make sure you turn on the 1.5 kernel mode ( to know how see here)11) Disconnect your PSP . Scroll to GAME and click on "Pandora's Battery Firm. Installer" it will take a few moments . After its done remove the MS from the PSP turn it off then place it back in and turn the PSP back on again, you HAVE to do this .12) Connect your PSP to the PC . A Few files and folders will be formed in your ROOT , now copy the msipl.bin from the root to the "msinst Folder" which is inside your extracted Pandora folder . It should look like this13) Here we go again START >RUN type in CMD . That black box will open again . Now copy the address of the msinst.exe followed by the PSP drive letter followed by the address of the msipl.binNow if your PC shows C:/ in your CMD it should be something like this (with reference to PSP's drive as I)C:\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msinst.exe I Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msipl.binIF you PC shows C:\Documents and Setting\Username> then it will look something like this :C:\Documents and Settings\username>Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msinst.exe I Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msipl.binIf you did it right you will get a prompt like (this promp will differ from PC to PC) :>>> PSP MS IPL Installer>>> Load IPL code msipl.bin>>> 241664 bytes(59 block) readed>>> Target DRIVE is 1>>> Check partation Sector>>> boot status 0x80>>> start head 0x0B>>> start sec/cyl 0x0018>>> partation type 0x06>>> last head 0x7F>>> last sec/cyl 0xCFE0>>> abs sector 0x00000177>>> ttl sector 0x0003CF689>>> signature 0xAA55>>> Check BPB Sector>>> signature AA55>>> Check free reserved sector:OK>>> Write ABS Sector 0x10 to 0x1E7>>> Are You Sure ?[Y]Type in Y and you will get>>> Write MS BOOT CODECongrats you now have a Magic Memory stick . Now Disconnect your psp from the PC and remove the memory card and turn of the PSP , then place the MS back in and turn the PSP on .NOTE : if you get>>> PSP MS IPL Installer>>> Load psp IPL code msipl.bin>>>Can't open msipl.binThe location (place) of the msipl.bin is WRONG (i got this like 100 times until I figured it out just keep trying …)NOW MAKING THE PANDORA UNBRICKING BATTERY :14) After you have the magic MS leave it in the PSP then , Turn on your psp and go to Pandora's battery Creator , make sure you have the spare battery in it . I Recommend backing up so you can make the Pandora battery into a normal one press "triangle " first it will back up then go to "Pandora's battery Creator" again and press X … You normal spare battery is now a … PANDORA UNBRICKING BATTERY … WOO HOO… You did it .NOTE :when the Pandora's battery Creator loads and if you get "ERROR at address 0x27" or a similar error you are screwed , you cant turn that battery into a Pandora battery but you can use it as a normal battery . Use another battery and try again . How do I know this ??? coz I got screwed too : P
How do you make a Pandora's battery?
Only Use this for an unbrickingPandora's BatteryLets get started ... A Pandora's battery (PandoraBatteryCo.com) is a special service battery along with the "magic memorystick" that can downgrade and unbrick any psp (even 3.52) . You can now bring your dead (bricked) PSP back to life or downgrade any firmware psp - safetly. This amazing breakthrough is all thanks to the Noobz! team which has some of the best PSP hackers . So here's how to make your normal battery and memorystick into a Pandora battery and magic memorystick . The tutorial will be kinda hard (I tried my best to simplify it) but hang in there it ain't that hard . Please follow the instructions carefully. NOTE : Vista users try using XP , vista seems to give loads of trouble . NOTE TO NEWBIES: you have to make your normal battery into a Pandora's battery via software and stuff not by manually short circuiting it or somethingREQUIREMENTS :1) A spare PSP battery (recommended) , any make will do .2) A spare memory stick PRO DUO (it has to be PRO DUO)3) A PSP with Custom firmware ( OE or M33) or a 1.5 PSP. Ask your friends , search for oneINSTALLATION :1) Take out the 1.5 or Custom firmware PSP ( OE or M33) and put in the spare memorystick (it has to be pro duo) and spare battery that you wanna modify .2)Now you gotta format the memory stick . Scroll to SETTINGS > SYSTEM SETTINGS > FORMAT MEMORY STICK3) OK now download this pack from here . and EXTRACT it with WinRAR . Don't have Winrar Download it from here4) Now extract the PANDORA folder from the downloaded pack to the desktop . Inside the Pandora folder you will find two other folders "msinst" and "mspformat"5) Connect you PSP to the PC via USB cable .6) Now in you computer go to START > RUN and type in CMD and click on OK . A black box will popout .7) Here's kinda the confusing part . your computer might show C:\ or C:\Documents and Setting\Username> … Now I told you to you to extract the folders to the Desktop . So copy the location of the msformat picture here paste it followed by the drive letter of your PSP (eg my psp drive removable disk (I:) the letter is I )Now if your PC shows C:/ in your CMD copy the address bar and paste it in followed by the letter of your psp drive .C:\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe IIF you PC shows C:\Documents and Setting\Username> copy the address bar and paste it in followed by the letter of your psp driveC:\Documents and Setting\Username>Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe I8) Keep trying till you get this prompt (like mine) :>>> C:\Documents and Setting\Username>Desktop\PANDORA\mspformat\mspformat.exe I>>> You are about to format the drive I .>>> All Data will be lost . Do you want to continue? [Y]Then you type in y and you will see>>> Drive successfully formatted, and partition moved.After that you can close the CMD box9) Disconnect your psp from the PC and remove the memory card and turn of the PSP , then place the MS (MS=memory stick) back in and turn the PSP on . Then reconnect you PSP to the PC . NOTE: You have to do this …10) Now download this pack from here , extract it with WinRar and copy the PSP folder and the UPDATE.PBP to the ROOT of the PSP memory stick . If you you have a 1.5 PSP no problem , If you have Custom Firmware make sure you turn on the 1.5 kernel mode ( to know how see here)11) Disconnect your PSP . Scroll to GAME and click on "Pandora's Battery Firm. Installer" it will take a few moments . After its done remove the MS from the PSP turn it off then place it back in and turn the PSP back on again, you HAVE to do this .12) Connect your PSP to the PC . A Few files and folders will be formed in your ROOT , now copy the msipl.bin from the root to the "msinst Folder" which is inside your extracted Pandora folder . It should look like this13) Here we go again START >RUN type in CMD . That black box will open again . Now copy the address of the msinst.exe followed by the PSP drive letter followed by the address of the msipl.binNow if your PC shows C:/ in your CMD it should be something like this (with reference to PSP's drive as I)C:\Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msinst.exe I Documents and Settings\username\Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msipl.binIF you PC shows C:\Documents and Setting\Username> then it will look something like this :C:\Documents and Settings\username>Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msinst.exe I Desktop\PANDORA\msinst\msipl.binIf you did it right you will get a prompt like (this promp will differ from PC to PC) :>>> PSP MS IPL Installer>>> Load IPL code msipl.bin>>> 241664 bytes(59 block) readed>>> Target DRIVE is 1>>> Check partation Sector>>> boot status 0x80>>> start head 0x0B>>> start sec/cyl 0x0018>>> partation type 0x06>>> last head 0x7F>>> last sec/cyl 0xCFE0>>> abs sector 0x00000177>>> ttl sector 0x0003CF689>>> signature 0xAA55>>> Check BPB Sector>>> signature AA55>>> Check free reserved sector:OK>>> Write ABS Sector 0x10 to 0x1E7>>> Are You Sure ?[Y]Type in Y and you will get>>> Write MS BOOT CODECongrats you now have a Magic Memory stick . Now Disconnect your psp from the PC and remove the memory card and turn of the PSP , then place the MS back in and turn the PSP on .NOTE : if you get>>> PSP MS IPL Installer>>> Load psp IPL code msipl.bin>>>Can't open msipl.binThe location (place) of the msipl.bin is WRONG (i got this like 100 times until I figured it out just keep trying …)NOW MAKING THE PANDORA UNBRICKING BATTERY :14) After you have the magic MS leave it in the PSP then , Turn on your psp and go to Pandora's battery Creator , make sure you have the spare battery in it . I Recommend backing up so you can make the Pandora battery into a normal one press "triangle " first it will back up then go to "Pandora's battery Creator" again and press X … You normal spare battery is now a … PANDORA UNBRICKING BATTERY … WOO HOO… You did it .NOTE :when the Pandora's battery Creator loads and if you get "ERROR at address 0x27" or a similar error you are screwed , you cant turn that battery into a Pandora battery but you can use it as a normal battery . Use another battery and try again . How do I know this ??? coz I got screwed too : P
What is need to boot a computer?
Applying power to a computer's circuitry, normally by depressing the "On" switch, gives the microprocessor the voltage it, and its associated clock circuits, need to function. After any internal self-initialization the processor might do, it loads a fixed address onto its address bus, determined by the manufacturer, and starts reading instructions from memory at that address, incrementing its instruction counter as it goes. In small microcontroller circuits, that may be the end of the story; it just keeps reading and executing instructions from ROM (Read-Only Memory) until the program ends (if ever), or some unexpected interrupt or exception occurs which halts it. In the case of modern desktop computers, however, typically the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the ROM which is addressed at initialization, and this can consist of many megabytes of initialization and test code until some means of long-term storage (disk, USB flash device, CD- or DVD-ROM) is loaded. This will typically have several stages of loaders, where the first 512-byte sector has code which knows where to fetch a secondary loader; eventually a loader is capable of reading the filesystem of the disk well enough to locate the operating system itself. The operating system then typically has its own test and initialization routines to go through, and while some OSes such as Windows may by default hide all this behind a "splash screen", others like some Linux distributions will display screen after screen of quickly-scrolling information letting you know exactly what's going on. Once it has mapped all the computer's circuitry: memory (RAM), disks, sound cards, and other hardware to its internal representations of these devices, it typically displays a login prompt. The computer is now said to be "booted": lifted up by its own bootstraps. In the case of a "turnkey" or "kiosk" system, the login may be bypassed, and the system might not be considered "booted" until it starts executing the process for which it was designed. This would be the case at info-kiosks at airports, or point-of-sale (POS) machines (modern cash registers) in stores.
