a flat wooden stick
You look at the markings on its edge.
A ruler has markings, a straight edge does not. In "straight edge and compass" constructions, you are not allowed to mark the straight edge. Things that are impossible using only a straight edge and compass are possible if markings are allowed (for example, it's possible to trisect an angle using a marked straight edge).
12 inches = 30.48 centimetres. However, the centimetre markings usually stop at 30 cm.
They are in fact two different devices that are commonly mistaken. A "measuring stick" is a stick of a given length that is used to reference another object from it's total length. These usually have no markings as such, or any calibrated length. A "ruler" (aka straightedge) IS calibrated and has measurement markings. It is used to "rule" straight lines to an exacting measurement. Originally designed for the engineering industry, they have been useful in countless other areas throught history. A 2 second google search revealed this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible form of ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, or metal with linear-measure markings, often in both imperial and metric units. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths on the order of hectometres.
a straightedge
The answer depends on the graduation (markings) on the ruler.
Called a straight edge
a bit of plastic
You look at the markings on its edge.
It is between 1.3 and 1.4: nearer to 1.4. It is 1 3/8 if your ruler has markings in eighths.
On a 30cm ruler you can't get it exactly, you need a higher tech ruler which has the markings of 2.54cm. If you have a normal ruler you have to estimate.
That depend on how long the ruler is. The 2 rulers in my desk drawer have 200 and 300 milimeters markings respectively. I also have a triangle with 195 millimeter markings on one side. I just looked in another drawer and found a ruler with 400 mm markinga and a folding carpenter's rule with 2000 markings.
I looks like they are just called 'Ruler Markings', from everything that I can find. That's all I've known them as.
The distance between the 0 and 1 markings on a metric ruler.
It is provided by the markings on a ruler which can be laid along the line.
Magnification is an enlargement of the specimen which looks bigger as the magnification increases. Resolution is the the smallest increment available. The difference between these can be explained with the example of a ruler that has 1/8" markings. Magnification will make the separation of the markings look bigger, but the resolution of the ruler doesn't change, the markings are still 1/8" apart. However, magnification can improve the resolution because you can now see things bigger. For example the separation between the markings of the ruler could be divided down even more under magnification.