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33 degrees perpendicular to the horizon
There is still light reflecting off the earth's atmosphere after sunset. Officially, twilight ends at 18 degrees below horizon, when it is completely dark, although at 15 degrees it is dark enough!
The Sun advances 15 degrees an hour; that is, 15 degrees every 60 minutes. You can base your calculations on that. If you live near the equator, after sunset the Sun will move directly downwards; if you live at higher latitudes, for example in Europe, the Sun moves at an angle, so while it will still move (for example) 15 degrees in an hour, it will not be 15 degrees below the horizon.
If the sun is 40 degrees above the horizon, a 5-ft person casts a shadow 5ft 11.5in long (rounded)
It is not particularly high but it may be the highest that it can get - depending on the observer's latitude.
Squad echelon right
Squad echelon right
Squad echelon right or left formation.
a half-circle extending from your horizon due north, through your zenith, to your horizon due south
Zero.
66.5 degrees
zero = horizon
If the horizon is on a level line of sight, a vertical line directly above the observer forms an angle of 90 degrees. 55 degrees would be quite high, being above 45 degrees.
At 45 degrees north latitude, the north celestial pole appears 45 degrees above the northern horizon. At 45 degrees south latitude, the south celestial pole appears 45 degrees above the southern horizon.
No, 56 degrees above the horizon isn't "low". "Low in the sky" is less than 20 degrees elevation or so.
A zodiacal light is a soft glow of white light extending upwards from the horizon, especially seen in the tropics.
it's 23 degrees below the horizon; you won't see it.