You could consult the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, but it does not have this sequence.
http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/
Note: the mathematical term "series" refers to a sum. The series is 3 + 16 + 6 +... In mathematics, a list of numbers like that is referred to as a "sequence."
Also, while your question does not explicity state this, the meaning of your sentence should be "what is the next most likely number..." as many different sequences start out with the same terms. Try checking 1,2,3, at the OEIS, and you'll see a large number of possibilities for the 4th term.
However, to address your particular sequence, here's a technique that is sometimes used:
Consider the following two sequences:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7...
5,10,15,20,25,...
Now consider the sequence
1,5,2,10,3,15,4,20,... If you work your sequence backwards, you'll see that this technique will lead to a possible answer.
It is: 17+6 = 23
Look at the difference between each number and the next number.
108
24
30!
It is: 17+6 = 23
The next number in the series 4, 12, 6, 12, 36, 18, 36
The next number in the series 4-12-6-12-36-18-36.. is 108.
The next number is the sequence 236175969, 48, 12 is 236175861.
Look at the difference between each number and the next number.
18
What would be the next number in this series 15 12 13 10 11 8?
The series seems to be "add 3," so the next number in the series would be 12 followed by 15.
108
108
24
108