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How is fetal toxoplasmosis treated?
Fetal toxoplasmosis may be treated by giving the mother pyrimethamine and sulfonamides such as sulfadiazine during the later second and third trimesters.
What prenatal tests can detect toxoplasmosis?
Prenatal tests for toxoplasmosis include a blood test for maternal antibodies; testing of the amniotic fluid and fetal blood; and, fetal ultrasound.
What is the most serious consequence of toxoplasmosis present during early fetal development?
Toxoplasmosis can cause severe illness or death shortly after birth.
During what trimester is toxoplasmosis most dangerous to the fetus?
The fetal infection rate is above 60% if maternal infection occurs during the third trimester, but the most severe fetal complications occur with first-trimester infection.
Why is it that humans are some time born faulty?
Humans are sometimes born with genetic disorders due to mutations in the DNA or mutations in the chromosomes, such as having too many or too few. Environmental factors can also cause abnormalities, such as being infected with rubella or toxoplasmosis, or the use of alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome).
What precautions can be taken to prevent fetal exposure to HIV-infection?
Precautions for preventing fetal exposure to HIV-infected maternal blood include avoiding: amniocentesis, fetal scalp blood sampling, premature rupturing of the fetal membranes.
Can you live with a dead fetus in you?
There is a very high risk that the dead fetal tissue will become infected.
What percentage of right ventricular output is circulated through the fetal lungs?
8
Congenital toxoplasmosis?
DefinitionCongenital toxoplasmosis is a group of symptoms that occur when an unborn baby (fetus) is infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe fetus can become infected with toxoplasmosis if the mother becomes infected with toxoplasmosis during the pregnancy. The infection may spread to the fetus during the pregnancy itself, or during labor or delivery.For the mother, the toxoplasmosis infection is generally mild, and she may not be aware of it. Infection of the fetus, however, can cause severe problems. Infection early in pregnancy results in more severe problems than later infection.SymptomsUp to half of the fetuses who become infected with toxoplasmosis during the pregnancy ae born early (prematurely). Congenital toxoplasmosis can damage the baby's eyes, nervous system, skin, and ears.Often, there are signs of infection in the baby at birth. However, newborns with milder infections may not have symptoms or problems for months or even years. If they are not treated, almost all develop problems (especially in the eyes) when they become adolescents.Symptoms may include:Enlarged liver and spleenDiarrhea or vomitingEye damage from inflammation of the retina or other parts of the eyeFeeding problemsHearing lossJaundiceLow birth weight (intrauterine growth restriction)Skin rash(petechiae or ecchymosis) at birthBrain and nervous system damage may be severe or very mild, and may include:SeizuresAbnormal brain and nervous system (neurologic) functionSigns and testsThe physical examination may show signs of:AnemiaCerebral calcificationsChorioretinitisLarger head size (hydrocephalus)Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy)Macrocephaly or microcephalySigns and symptoms that occur late in the disease include:Hearing lossMental retardationSeizuresNeurological problemsVisual impairmentPrenatal tests include:Amniotic fluidtesting and fetal blood testingAntibody titerUltrasound of the abdomenPostnatal diagnosis:Antibody studies on cord blood and cerebrospinal fluidCT scan of the brainMRI scan of the brainNeurological examsStandard eye examTORCH screenTreatmentSpiramycin can treat infection in the pregnant mother.Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine can treat fetal infection (diagnosed during the pregnancy).Treatment of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis typically includes pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin for one year. Infants are also sometimes given steroids if their vision is threatened or if the protein level in the spinal fluid is high.Expectations (prognosis)The outcome depends on the severity of the congenital toxoplasmosis.ComplicationsHydrocephalusBlindness or severe visual disabilitySevere mental retardation or other neurological problemsCalling your health care providerCall for an appointment with your health care provider if you are pregnant and think you are at risk for toxoplasmosis (for example, if you have a cat and are the person who cleans the litter box).Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you are pregnant and have not received any prenatal care.PreventionProspective or expectant mothers can be tested to find out if they are at risk for toxoplasmosis.Pregnant women who have cats as house pets may be at increased risk of developing toxoplasmosis. They should avoid contact with any materials that are potentially infected with cat feces, or that could be contaminated by insects exposed to cat feces (cockroaches, flies, etc.).Cook meat until it is well done, and wash your hands after handling raw meat.ReferencesRemington JS, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2006: chap 31.
What infections during pregnancy are associated with cerebral palsy?
Several maternal-fetal infections are known to increase the risk for CP, including rubella (German measles, now rare in the United States), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and toxoplasmosis.
What s the role of respiratory system in fetal pig?
no
What are the characteristics in the fetal pig?
Some key characteristics of fetal pigs include their small size, lack of fur, closed eyes and ears, underdeveloped limbs, and presence of umbilical cord attached to the placenta. Fetal pigs also have a developing skeletal structure, digestive system, and circulatory system.
