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A statistician may have some idea about some statistics in a data set, and there is a need to test whether or not that hypothesis is likely to be true. Data are collected and a test statistic is calculated. The value of this test statistic is used to determine the probability that the hypothesis is true.
I think that one way is to check the colour (if its grey-stone coloured-then its more likely to be a fossil), another way may be to see if it is buried in hard rock or not although I am not sure about this last method.
It is a real number between 0.5 and 1. Whether or not it is independent makes no difference to this answer.
You can either determine the probability through fractions. ( i.e: a coin has only two sides, if flipped it will be either heads or tails; the outcome will be 1/2 to happen: so equal chance of either. ) However, you can also determine it by how likely something is to happen, e.g: if it is winter it is likely it will rain, yet in summer it is unlikely to rain.
Mile and kilometre. In my case, yards and metres, more likely.
checking its conclusions against other sources
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A historian writes an essay on the rise of communism in China during the 20th century. She claims that communism would never have taken hold in the country if the Soviet Union has not supplied the Chiese commuunists with money and military equipment.
Determine how many battles during WW2 took place near small farming towns. :)
whether the cost of mining will be less than the value of the mineral
A historian would be most likely to analyze a tablet with cuneiform to determine what goods were traded by the merchants of Ur.
determine whether an assertion made by one source is likely to be true.
By exploring likely possibilities and making a scatter plot
It is not possible to determine whether an enzyme requires a cofactor from these data.
Why a temple was built.
One user group for financial statements is external investors. They use the documents to determine whether the business is profitable. Internally, managers look at financial documents to determine whether their department is profitable.
An archaeologist or a historian specializing in ancient civilizations would be most likely to study a stone carving to determine if the Sumerians used slaves. These experts would analyze the content of the carving, as well as historical and archaeological evidence, to draw conclusions about the social structure and labor practices of the Sumerian society.