Letters and symbols are used in equations to represent quantities, sometimes known or unknown. For example the symbol π (pi) represents the constant 3.14… and is unchanging. X or Y in an equation represent unknown terms that may vary depending on the equation, and other variables in the equation. There are numerous examples of both symbols and letters used in mathematical equations, but almost always they are either referring to a known constant term that is more simply expressed as a symbol, or an unknown or general term yet to be concretely determined.
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Yes, English and Greek characters (letters) are the most frequently used symbols for variables.
There are a couple types of grouping symbols used in math. These are mainly parentheses and brackets. Both plain and curly brackets are used in some equations.
The letters in most algebraic equations mostly represent the value of the number or often at times the gradient.
The collection of letters representing numbers
Addition, subtraction signs, brackets, squares and powers, square roots and roots, fractions. Random variables are also used, like x.