To square a matrix, simply multiply the matrix by itself. It is just like squaring any other regular number in mathematics.
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a square matrix that is equal to its transpose
A skew symmetric matrix is a square matrix which satisfy, Aij=-Aji or A=-At
If it is not a square matrix. You cannot invert a square matrix if it is singular. That means that at least one of the rows of the matrix can be expressed as a linear combination of the other rows. A simple test is that a matrix cannot be inverted if its determinant is zero.
The classical adjoint of a square matrix A the transpose of the matrix who (i, j) entry is the a i j cofactor.
there are pseudo inverses for non-square matrices a square matrix has an inverse only if the original matrix has full rank which implies that no vector is annihilated by the matrix as a multiplicative operator