Longitudinal
Changes in the independent variable are independent of changes in any other variable,
The dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable, so when the independent variable changes, so does the dependent variable.
General: a variable is something subject to change or is inconsistantScience:a variable is something that depends on another and based on the other thing, changes accordingly.For example, if you were to do a science experiment: the heat of an object depends on how long it's been sitting there.in that scenario, the heat is the variable, and the time is an invariable.an invariable however, is quite the opposite. it is independent of everything and changes on its own terms.
A constant is a value that never changes such as 4, 6.5, 3/4, pi, or the square root of 5. This is different from a variable where the value varies like x. In the expression 5x, 5 is a constant and x is a variable.
If you do not then it is harder to determine whether the changes in your dependent variable are due to differences in independent variables or other variables. However, sometimes it is not possible and good experimental design is required to permit these estimates.
The independent variable sometimes changes the dependant variable, because it is dependant on the other variable. Sometimes the independent variable doesn't change the dependant variable, in which case there is no causation between the two variables.
Correlation and causation are similar in that both involve relationships between two variables. In correlation, changes in one variable are associated with changes in another, while causation implies that one variable directly influences the other. However, correlation does not imply causation; just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other. Understanding this distinction is crucial for accurate analysis and interpretation of data.
Correlation in research studies shows a relationship between two variables, but it does not prove that one variable causes the other. Causation, on the other hand, indicates that changes in one variable directly result in changes in another variable.
While survey data can show correlations between variables, it does not necessarily prove causation. Other factors may be influencing the relationship observed in the survey. To establish causation, additional research such as experiments or longitudinal studies are typically needed.
Causation in statistical analysis refers to a direct cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, where changes in one variable directly cause changes in the other. Correlation, on the other hand, simply indicates a relationship between two variables without implying causation. In other words, correlation shows that two variables tend to change together, but it does not prove that one variable causes the other to change.
it is basically asking what the definition of responding variable is and the book says, The variable that changes because of the manipulated variable is the responding variable.
The dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable. The independent variable is deliberately manipulated to observe its impact on the dependent variable in an experiment or study.
The Dependent Variable
Correlational research method assesses the relationship between two variables without implying causation. It examines how changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.
The experiment shows that there is a correlation between the two variables, meaning that as one variable changes, the other variable changes in a consistent way. However, it does not necessarily establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables. Further analysis is needed to determine causation.
Causation refers to a direct cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, where one variable directly influences the other. Correlation, on the other hand, simply means that two variables are related in some way, but one does not necessarily cause the other. To determine if one variable is causing changes in another variable, researchers often use experimental studies where they manipulate one variable and observe the effect on the other. Additionally, controlling for other factors and using statistical analysis can help establish a causal relationship between variables.
A direct relationship between the variables exists, where changes in one variable directly influence changes in the other variable, while other factors remain constant. This establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables in the context of the experiment.