multiplication
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"dot dot dot" is an ellipsis. It means that the number continues in the way shown to infinity. For instance, the decimal 0.33333... which results from 1/3 carries on giving 3s forever. This cannot be written, obviously, so you write the ellipsis instead. This is also true if a pattern is more than just one number, 23/99 gives the decimal 0.232323.... where the dots represent how the 2323 pattern continues forever.
Parentheses are brackets which are rounded kind. Like the one below: ( ..... )
It means any number multiplied by one is itself. And any number divided by one is itself. One is the only number which has this distinctive property.
A transcendental number is one which is not algebraic. An algebraic number is one which is a root of a non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients.
In math, proportional means that two quantities always have the same relative size. For example, the lengths of these two shapes are proportional (one shape's length is always twice as large as the other.)