It is called a proportion.
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It is an equation in which one of the terms is the instantaneous rate of change in one variable, with respect to another (ordinary differential equation). Higher order differential equations could contain rates of change in the rates of change (for example, acceleration is the rate of change in the rate of change of displacement with respect to time). There are also partial differential equations in which the rates of change are given in terms of two, or more, variables.
For each of the following relationships, graph the proportional relationship between the two quantities, write the equation representing the relationship, and describe how the unit rate, or slope is represented on the graph.
A banana is a very good example of a nonexample. It has nothing whatsoever to do with rates, and so nothing to do with unit rates.
Yes, they do. Rates are always expressed as "this much of one thing TO that much of another". It is then expressed as a ratio of "this" over "that" (or with a colon instead).
Factoring rates apply to the practice of businesses selling receivables at a discount to a factor, who then collects the funds. The factoring rate is the amount of the discount at which the receivable is purchased.