When John Turkey was inventing the box-and-whisker plot in 1977 to display these values, he picked 1.5*IQR (inter-quartile range) as the demarcation line for outliers. This has worked so well, so we've continued using that value ever since.
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16 and 15
15 ÷ ½ = 15 x 2 =30 To divide fractions: multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
8
17
the reciprocal is 1/sqrt15 but its not pretty to have a sqrt on the bottom of the a fraction so multiply the top and bottom by sqrt 15 and get sqrt15/15