The heliocentric theory is the theory that the sun is the center of the universe, not the earth.
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The name is of the general theory where celestial objects revolve around the Earth is known as the Ptolemaic system.
Copernicus
Copernicus created the mathematical theory to prove that the Sun, not the Earth, was the centre of our solar system. Galilei provided the calculations and observations to prove Copernicus' theory.
They were the first 'modern' (well, medieval) scientists to come up with the "heliocentric" view of the universe: the concept that the Earth revolves around the Sun and is not the center of the Universe itself. It should be mentioned that ancient Greek scientist had already discovered that some 1,500 years earlier, but their writings had been more or less forgotten by then. Well, not quite: it was much later discovered that Copernicus referred specifically to those earlier Greek findings in the draft of his book, but left it out in the final text.
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