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Is high ANA titer an indication of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis?
The acronym ANA stands for anti-nuclear antibody. When your doctor suspects you may have an autoimmune disorder, he or she will test for the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies in your blood. To perform the ANA test, serum from your blood specimen is added to microscope slides which have commercially prepared cells on the slide surface. If your serum contains antinuclear antibodies (ANA), they bind to the cells (specifically the nuclei of the cells) on the slide. A second antibody, commercially tagged with a fluorescent dye, is added to the mix of patient's serum and commercially prepared cells on the slide. The second (fluorescent) antibody attaches to the serum antibodies and cells which have bound together. When viewed under an ultraviolet microscope, antinuclear antibodies appear as fluorescent cells. If fluorescent cells are observed, the ANA test is considered positive. If fluorescent cells are not observed, the ANA test is considered negative. The ANA titer is determined by repeating the positive test with serial dilutions until the test yields a negative result. The last dilution which yields a positive result (flourescence) is the titer which gets reported. For example, if a titer performed for a positive ANA test is: 1:10 positive 1:20 positive 1:40 positive 1:80 positive 1:160 positive 1:320 negative The reported titer would be 1:160. Generally, an ANA titre of 1:80 or higher is considered positive. At least 5% of the population has a positive ANA titre with no disease activity. For those with disease activity, the ANA titre does not indicate the absolute amount of disease activity (e.g. one person with an ANA titre of 1:640 may have very little disease activity, while another with a titre of 1:320 may have significant disease activity). The ANA titre must be evaluated in the context of the individual. The ANA test by itself is not specific for any disease. Your clinical presentation, as well as tests for additional antibodies, complements and factors in your blood will also be used to determine what condition, if any, is present, and how to treat it. Source(s): http://arthritis.about.com/od/diagnostic… webmd.com medhelp.org
Is a myocardial infarction a stroke?
A myocardial infarction is a heart attack. It is caused when the cells of the muscle of the heart do not get enough oxygen and glucose, resulting in anaerobic metabolism and buildup of products of that metabolism, resulting in cellular acidosis, shutdown of cellular metabolism, and finally cell death and necrosis. In the overwhelming number of casea, this process results from the blockage of a coronary artery by a thrombus formed when a cholesterol plaque ruptures, causing a clot to form. It can be caused by several other things, however. Severe dehydration, severe hypotension, partial blockage of an artery by a large plaque that has not ruptured and other low flow states can result in not enough oxygen and glucose getting to the cells. Also, anything that increases the metabolic demands on the heart muscle can cause similar effects - sepsis with shock, toxins, drugs, and poisonings.
How do tissues form your heart?
During embryonic development, part of the mesoderm breaks away and starts to form the heart. The embryonic stem cells differentiate primarily into myocardial cells, with the endoderm forming the endocardium and valves and the ectoderm forming the pericardium and pericardial sac. The exact steps aren't well known - embryology has more questions than answers for human development at this time.
What does depolarization of the heart mean?
It is a positive wave in the hearts muscle cells, the process of electrical discharge and the flow of electrical activity.
Why after dancing the heart rate stays fast for a long time?
In order to distribute oxygen to the muscle cells needed to dance, the blood must pump at an increased rate over the resting heart rate. At the end of exercise, there is still a defiency of oxygen and often anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) takes place leaving lactic acid in the muscle cells. To return to baseline, the lactic acid must be removed by facilitating aerobic respiration (oxygen present).
What describes when the myocardial cells recovers electrically?
The process by which myocardial cells recover electrically after depolarization is called repolarization. During repolarization, the cell's membrane potential returns to its resting state as potassium ions exit the cell. This phase prepares the myocardial cells for the next electrical impulse.
Is the resting potential of a neuron 50-100 mV with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside?
It depends on what the sign is before your number. A positive sign in front of the number indicates that the inside of the cell is more positive when compared to the outside; a negative sign in front of the number indicates that the cell is more negative compared to the outside. The resting potential of a neuron is always negative when compared to the outside of the neuron, and usually lies around -90mV. For different cells in the body, the resting potential may vary but it will always be negative :)!
What colors gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Gram-positive cells are purple and the Gram-negative cells are red.
Are eukayotic cells from you gumline gram-positive or gram-negative?
Eukaryotic cells, such as those found in the gumline, do not fall under the categories of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. The gram staining technique is used to determine the cell wall structure of bacteria, not eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a different cellular structure, including a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Why will gram positive cells stain gram negative?
Contamination
What are cheek cells gram positive or gram negative?
Cheek cells do not have a cell wall, therefore they are neither gram positive nor gram negative. Gram staining is a technique used to differentiate bacteria based on the composition of their cell wall, which animal cells like cheek cells do not possess.
Do sodium potassium ATPase pump causes positive charge to accumulate inside cells?
Yes, the sodium-potassium ATPase pump helps maintain the resting membrane potential of cells by transporting three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell for every ATP hydrolyzed. This generates a net positive charge outside the cell and a negative charge inside the cell, contributing to the overall negative resting membrane potential of the cell.
Construct a Venn diagram to illustrate the similarities and differences between gram positive gram negative cells?
Gram-positive and gram-negative cells both have a cell membrane and cell wall, but the cell wall structure differs between them. Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while gram-negative cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane. Additionally, gram-negative cells have lipopolysaccharides in their outer membrane, which gram-positive cells lack.
Positive and Negative affect of gamna rasdation?
The negative affects are nausea, vomiting and hair loss. The positive affects such as chemo therapy, which decreases or stops the cancer cells.
What layer is responsible for for anchoring the disk to the bony epiphysis?
resting cells anchor it.
Which step in the gram stain is the critical step in differentiating gram positive cells from gram negative cells?
Alcohol-acetone
What is myocardial fibrosis?
Myocardial fibrosis is the abnormal thickening of the heart valves. This thickening is caused by the muscles in the hearts cells becoming impaired.
