The numbering of parallels on a map begins at the Equator with zero degrees. Degrees ae counted away from the equator, both to the north and to the south. The north Ppole is 90 degrees north of the Equator and the South Pole is 90 degree south of the Equator.
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Which of the following is an example of a true-shape map? One showing the distribution of a malaria-carrying mosquitoes worldwide. Airplane pilot's map. One where a coin covers an equal area anywhere on the map. Parallels and meridians do not cross at right angles to each other. Equal-are map.
A benchmark is just a point on the map, so that you can see where on the map you are.
North and South- Latitude or parallels East and West- Longitude or meridians
a projection map
A point where water issues from the ground, eg. a spring.