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Yes, a majority of gamma rays are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere acts as a shield against the harmful effects of gamma rays by absorbing and scattering them. Only a small fraction of gamma rays from space can penetrate into Earth's atmosphere.
The center of mass of Earth is located beneath the surface of the Earth, about 4,671 kilometers (2,900 miles) away from its surface. This means it is not within the atmosphere, which extends only a few hundred kilometers above the Earth's surface.
Mars has an atmosphere, though it is different than our atmosphere here on Earth. The atmosphere of Mars is thin, cold, and dry and contains much less oxygen than the atmosphere of Earth. The oxygen content of the Martian atmosphere is only 0.13 percent, compared with 21 percent in Earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide makes up 95.3 percent of the gas in the atmosphere of Mars. It also contains nitrogen and argon and very small amounts of water and methane. Additionally, the atmospheric pressure on Mars is only about 1/100 that of Earth's!
The majority of the mass in the solar system is concentrated in the sun, accounting for about 99.86% of the total mass. The planets, including Earth, make up only a small fraction of the solar system's mass.