They are! Consider the identity map from Z to Q. They are not isomorphic, but there is a homomorphism between them.
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A rational number which is an integer can be simplified to a form in which the denominator is 1. That is not possible for a rational number which is not an integer.
No. To be a rational number it must be an integer over another integer. π is not an integer, nor can it be made into an integer by multiplying it by another integer, thus one twelfth of π is not a rational number.
-13 is rational and an integer.
Yes and yes. It is an integer and so it is also a rational number.
6.3 is a rational number but it is not an integer because only whole numbers are integers.