If you include 30, both 24 and and 30 have 8 factors, the most in that range.
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There are 11 numbers between 1 and 130 that have an odd number of factors: 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81,100,121.
There cannot be a greatest common factor (GCF) of just one number. To be common there need to be at least two numbers. If you find all the factors of two or more numbers, and you find some factors are the same ("common"), then the largest of those common factors is the Greatest Common Factor.
If we are trying to find the two numbers less than 50 with the greatest common factor, we need to pick two numbers with a larger difference between them, since the greatest common factor between two numbers cannot be greatest than the difference between the two numbers. To create a large difference, we will want one number to be close in value to 50. And, for the greatest common factor, we want the other number itself to be the greatest common factor. The greatest common factor that the larger number can have (since it is larger and thus cannot be the greatest common factor itself) is the number which is half its value. So, if we choose the even number closest in value to 50, we get 48. Then, if we take half of it, we get 24. The greatest common factor of 24 and 48 is 24. This is the largest possible greatest common factor of a pair of numbers less than 50.
These numbers between 1 and 40 have an odd number of factors: 4, 9, 16, 25, 36.
All numbers have factors. Some factors are prime numbers. These are known as prime factors. The set of prime factors is a subset of the set of factors for any given number.