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To factor 8x - 20, you can find the greatest common factor in both 8 and 20 and "extract" it from the expression. In this case, that common factor is 4, and the result of factoring is:
4(2x - 5)
Note that 4 times 2 is 8, and 4 times -5 is -20. Look at it this way:
8x - 20 = 4(2x) + 4(-5) = 4(2x - 5)
Notice that 2x - 5 cannot be factored any further, because 2 and 5 are both prime numbers, and their only common factor is 1.