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Arrange the values in increasing order. If the number of observations n is odd, the median is n/2+1 st value. n/2 is integer division (ignore the fraction). If there are 5 observations, the median is 5/2+1 = the third observation. If the number of observations is even, median = [ x(n/2)+x(n/2+1)] /2, the average of the two middle values. If there are 10 observations, 10/2 +(10/2+1), the average of the fifth and the sixth observation. The median is such that 50 % of the cases lie below it and 50 % above.
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Advantages and disadvantages of data manipulation language in sql?
Data Manipulation Language (DML) in SQL, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, allows users to retrieve, modify, and delete data in a database. One advantage of DML is its flexibility in manipulating data, enabling users to perform complex queries and updates. However, a disadvantage is the potential for human error when writing DML statements, which can lead to unintended data modifications or deletions. Additionally, DML operations can impact database performance, especially when dealing with large datasets.
Difference between error control and flow control?
Flow Control:is one important design issue for the Data Link Layer that controls the flow of data between sender and receiver.In Communication, there is communication medium between sender and receiver. When Sender sends data to receiver than there can be problem in below case :1) Sender sends data at higher rate and receive is too sluggish to support that data rate.To solve the above problem, FLOW CONTROL is introduced in Data Link Layer. It also works on several higher layers. The main concept of Flow Control is to introduce EFFICIENCY in Computer Networks.Error Control:Network is responsible for transmission of data from one device to another device. The end to end transfer of data from a transmitting application to a receiving application involves many steps, each subject to error. With the error control process, we can be confident that the transmitted and received data are identical. Data can be corrupted during transmission. For reliable communication, error must be detected and corrected.Error control is the process of detecting and correcting both the bit level and packet level errors.Types of ErrorsSingle Bit ErrorThe term single bit error means that only one bit of the data unit was changed from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1.Burst ErrorIn term burst error means that two or more bits in the data unit were changed. Burst error is also called packet level error, where errors like packet loss, duplication, reordering. BY RAHUL SAGORE from IIPS, INDORE
Characteristics of oops?
OOP stands for object oriented programming. Some characteristics of it include emphasis on data rather than procedure, programs are divided into entities known as objects, and data Structures are designed such that they characterize objects.
Explain the insert problem caused by a denormalized design?
Denormalized designs, by contrast, do contain duplicate data. If denormalized designs are created by merging two or more tables together into a single table, the resulting duplicate data creates insert, update, and delete problems.
Steps in hypothetico-deductive process?
There are 7 steps in the hypothetico-deductive process and they are: 1 - background reading and personal experience 2 - formation of a hypothesis 3 - devising the appropriate form of study to isolate the key variables 4 - collecting the data 5 - analysing the data 6 - confirming, modifying or rejecting the hypothesis 7 - theory formation or confirmation
