To prove that 2n1 o(2n), we need to show that the growth rate of 2n1 is strictly less than the growth rate of 2n as n approaches infinity. This can be demonstrated by using the formal definition of little-o notation and showing that the limit of (2n1) / 2n as n approaches infinity is equal to 0.
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The total number of all binary strings that do not contain the substring "010" is 2n1, where n is the length of the binary string.
Yes, it is possible to prove that the clique problem is NP-complete.
No. You can only state correctness to a degree of certainty. That degree might be very high, particularly for a very short routine, but no one can prove correctness to 100%.
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To use the pumping lemma to prove that a language is not regular, you would assume the language is regular and then show that there is a string in the language that cannot be "pumped" according to the lemma's conditions. This contradiction would indicate that the language is not regular.