five.
if you use inverse Pythagorean and take the cube root of the sum of all Pythagorean triples, you get five.
Thus there are five feet in a ton.
The following example "proves" the absurd conclusion 1 = 0,
The error here is in going from the second to the third line: if x = 0, then division by x is not permitted. This division by zero fallacy has many variants.
A correct result obtained by an incorrect line of reasoning has a different status. This is the case, for instance, in the calculation
Although the conclusion 16/64 = 1/4 is correct, there is a fallacious invalid cancellation in the middle step. Bogus proofs constructed to produce a correct result in spite of incorrect logic are known as howlers
Power and rootFallacies involving disregarding the rules of elementary arithmetic through an incorrect manipulation of the radical are often of the following kind:[6]
The fallacy is that the rule is generally valid only if at least one of the two numbers
x or
y is positive, which is not the case here.
Although the fallacy is easily detected here, sometimes it is concealed more effectively in notation. For instance,[7] consider the equation cos2
x = 1 − sin2
xwhich holds as a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem. Then, by taking a square root, cos
x = (1 − sin2
x)1 / 2
so that 1 + cos
x = 1 + (1 − sin2
x)1 / 2.
Squaring both sides gives
But evaluating this when
x = π implies
or 0 = 4
which is absurd.
The error in each of these examples fundamentally lies in the fact that any equation of the form
x2 =
a2
has two solutions, provided
a ≠ 0,
and it is essential to check which of these solutions is relevant to the problem at hand.[8] In the above fallacy, the square root that allowed the second equation to be deduced from the first is valid only when cos
x is positive. In particular, when
x is set to π, the second equation is rendered invalid.
Another example of this kind of fallacy, where the error is immediately detectable, is the following invalid proof that −2 = 2. Letting
x = −2, and then squaring gives
whereupon taking a square root implies
so that
x = −2 = 2, which is absurd. Clearly when the square root was extracted, it was the
negative root −2, rather than the
positive root, that was relevant for the particular solution in the problem.
Proof that x = y for any real numbers xand yIf
ab =
ac, then
b =
c. Therefore, since 1
x = 1
y, we may deduce
x =
y.
Q.E.D.The error in this proof lies in the fact that the stated rule is true only for a positive number
a which is not equal to 1.
Fourth rootsQ.E.D.The error in this proof lies in the last line, where we are ignoring the other fourth roots of 1,[9] which are −1,
i and −
i (where
i is the imaginary unit). Seeing as we have squared our figure and then taken roots, we cannot always assume that all the roots will be correct. So the correct fourth are
i and −
i, which are the imaginary numbers defined to be .