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Domain is client-server logical topology.
Client/server
There doesn't have to be; depends on whether it is a peer-to-peer or a client/server based network. The topology doesn't determine that.
The client-server topology.
Star topology.
Pretty much a client server network is known as a client server network.
Simple: in order to have a client-server architecture you need a network. The role of the network is to move data packets between the client and the server. In a client-server architecture the server usually has to manage the network (for example, a domain controller in a Windows environment).
For the internet; your web browser is the client and the web server is the server.
The computer on a network that requests resources from the server is called the client. The server may also be used to implement administrative security for the client computers.
From a network topology perspective, a personal computer that is connected to the network is a node. From a software/OS perspective, this would be a network client, but personal computers can act as, or serve the role of, a server, but I think that is out of scope of the question.
Media is always required to connect one device to another on a network. It doesn't matter if it is a client server network or a peer to peer network.