Star
Domain is client-server logical topology.
Client/server
There doesn't have to be; depends on whether it is a peer-to-peer or a client/server based network. The topology doesn't determine that.
The client-server topology.
Star topology.
Pretty much a client server network is known as a client server network.
Simple: in order to have a client-server architecture you need a network. The role of the network is to move data packets between the client and the server. In a client-server architecture the server usually has to manage the network (for example, a domain controller in a Windows environment).
For the internet; your web browser is the client and the web server is the server.
The computer on a network that requests resources from the server is called the client. The server may also be used to implement administrative security for the client computers.
Media is always required to connect one device to another on a network. It doesn't matter if it is a client server network or a peer to peer network.
From a network topology perspective, a personal computer that is connected to the network is a node. From a software/OS perspective, this would be a network client, but personal computers can act as, or serve the role of, a server, but I think that is out of scope of the question.