get accepted into a PhD program
spend usually 3-8 years taking courses and doing research in that program
write a dissertation usually of at least 100 pages that contains the equivalent of 3-4 scientific publications
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Most of the time you need to have a masters first. You do not need a BA or BS in math for this, but it might help. SO you get the masters in math, then apply to a school that offers a Ph.D in math. It takes many years and is a lot of work!