It depends on:
First we have to make certain that we're talking the same language, second we have to consider the fire hazard involved. (although, if we're looking at safety, we would need to reverse the two)
The simple answer is No.
The term "dedicated circuit" is not defined in the code. But in practice the term refers to a circuit that is run for a particular purpose, often to one piece of equipment or receptacle (outlet). Sharing a neutral contradicts the principle of a dedicated circuit.
Sharing a neutral would expose the circuit to electrical elements such as harmonics. A dedicated circuit is intended to avoid such problems.
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No
To protect a circuit, we use a fuse or circuit breaker. The fuse or circuit breaker must always be placed in the lineconductor, never in the neutral conductor. So, if we want to completely isolate a circuit from the supply, we must remove the fuse from the line conductor, and open the link in the neutral conductor. A 'link' is a non-fusible metal break point in the neutral.
Yes.
short circuit
It does not matter what line in (the phase or neutral) is the fuse. In a closed series circuit current in all areas of the circuit is equal. It's best to put the fuses in both wires (phase and neutral) and even better for each individual device in the chain.