There is no legal height. You can install them any height you want unless local codes call for something different. In a basement I would recommend what is commonly used which is around 13" to the bottom of the outlet box.
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The term "wall cavity" usually refers to the space between studs. Outlet boxes are usually fastened to one side of a stud or the other. Sometimes they are fastened to a crossbar, whether metal or wood, so they can be placed anywhere within the space. There are height limitations in order to count as required outlets but may be placed anywhere you need one. They are called convenience outlets and my friends often hear me say that if one isn't convenient, there aren't enough. If by "wall cavity" you mean a completely walled off portion of a building with no access, something that sometimes happens in commercial buildings, then no, it is not legal. You must have access to any splices in the circuit, which includes end of the line.
ALL outdoor circuits and all 115v circuits in a bathroom, kitchen or garage should be protected by a GFIC. If you have any doubt, contact your local building inspector.GFIC outlets are relatively inexpensive and can be wired into the first circuit of a string of outdoor outlets. The expense is reasonable and the protection is well worth the investment.
For a good answer you need to tell us what you mean by grouping. It comes to my mind that you may mean can you put outlets in the same room, or different rooms, on the same or different circuits to accomplish a certain purpose of sharing or not sharing a circuit. The answer is yes. You may group them or intermix them in any manner you wish, with the exception of kitchen, dining room, pantry, laundry, and/or bathroom outlets. These have special requirements. If this doesn't answer your question, please provide more information.
Before the code requiring all outlets to have GFCI protection that at within 6' of a water source you were required to install the outlet at least 6' from the sink. Now, there is no minimum distance but all outlets must be GFCI protected that are installed within 6' of a water source.
Yes, modern homes have adequate electrical outlets to allow you to do this safety. Just remember these units were design to be powered from the top entry and not the bottom. So must not be used up-side down.