Use a step down transformer 240 primary to 120 secondary. You must know what the connected load (amps) is so that you don't overload the transformer. Small Transformers are rated in VA.
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Yes and you will have a spare terminal for future use
Because they are "in-phase". In order to get 240v, you need two 120v Alternating Current lines that are 180° out of phase, that is, opposite phases. Only when one line is +120v and the other -120v will you see 240v between the wires.
Off hand no but your explanations are not clear as to who is doing what to whom,,
120v and 240v
Actually, I have seen this in a respected electronics magazine (Elektor) quite some time ago: A diode (selected to be capable to handle the amps, the voltage and the heat from the bulb - if placed inside the lighting fixture) is used to "cut off" one half of the AC sine wave and thus sending pulses of 120V to an incandescent light bulb, simulating a simple dimming device. The proposal was meant to run 240V bulbs at 50% of their brightness but I am pretty certain this concept can be used to run 120V bulbs from 240V power. One other way of connecting 120V bulbs to 240V would be to connect two 120V bulbs OF THE SAME WATTAGE in SERIES, so the two bulbs form their own voltage divider. Not sure what happens if one bulb burns out - I would expect the other one to blow too, as a dying light bulb represents zero Ohms (plasma/arcing) for a few milliseconds before it goes dark forever.