Your main concern in installing anything near a water line is to avoid accidentally driving a nail or screw into the pipe, causing a leak. Therefore it is prudent to allow a separation of at least a few inches. Other than that, there is no reason why a light fixture cannot be close to a water line. The wires are insulated, so they are not going to short circuit as a result of the metal pipe.
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The electrical circuit is analogus to the water piping system. The word "close" means connection of a switch to get a complete circuit and to a water system you open the valve to let the water flows. Likewise if there is a connection the electrical energy flows. If "open" that means disconnected and for water piping system closing the valve to stop water flows. Therefore "close" for electrical ciruit means "open" for water piping system, and "open" for the former means "close" for the latter.
Only if you leave the burners or elements on. -If water stops, close gas line or switch off breaker for tank.
Water can supply electricity in usually one reason - the water wheel, or it's close cousins. The water pushes on the wheel, and turns the water wheel. As the wheel spins, it creates mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is fed through a converter, which turns it into useable electricity. It is the same concept as wind with a wind turbine.
Electrical energy and light energy are useful to me in a variety of ways from the machines used to make the food you eat to the energy used to purify the water you drink. The clothes you wear are even dyed different colors from the light energy alone.
No. The only thing required to be gfci protected is a receptacle. I've never understood why light fixtures, fans, and other appliances do not required protection around so much water, but they do not. They should, however, be listed for damp locations.