There is no code ruling on this. I set mine 12" to center.
If you are putting in a new outlet in an existing home I would suggest you just match it to the height of the rest of the outlets.
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As close as you want. You must insall an outlet a minium of every 12 feet of wall space. If the wall is smaller that 24" it does not require an outlet.
If you want to. If it's your house you can do whatever you want. It's probably not advisable as the nail could go into some of the electrical wiring if you pound it in too far.
Before the code requiring all outlets to have GFCI protection that at within 6' of a water source you were required to install the outlet at least 6' from the sink. Now, there is no minimum distance but all outlets must be GFCI protected that are installed within 6' of a water source.
There is no requirement on the distance the dryer must be from a sink. Any 120 volt outlet must be GFCI protected if it is within 6 feet of a sink. There is no requirement for a 240 volt dryer outlet. I would not want the dryer right next to the sink and I would want the dryer to be on a 4 wire circuit and not a 3 wire circuit. Use common sense here.
The distance between electrical outlets in a home will depend on what country of origin you're from and also what type of power supply service you have. In the United States and Canada, that run on a 60 hertz power supply service, the general rule of thumb is spacing of about 12 feet between each outlet along the walls of your home. The distance between outlets around your kitchen counters is much shorter. About 4 feet of space is required between each plug.