There is no limit as to the amount of circuits you can have in a garage. If you mean how many devices on a 15 amp single circuit breaker then the answer is 12. Be sure to total in light fixture outlets and switch boxes.
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Depends on what you are asking about. I can tell you that all garage outlets must be protected by a GFCI circuit. You can install as many or as little as you want as long as there is at least 1 outlet on each wall. Any freezer or refrigerator must be on a dedicated circuit. There must be a light switch by the doorway mounted 48" to the top of the switch box. If you have 2 entrances into the garage then install a 3 way light switch so the lights can be turned on/off at both locations. Outlets cannot me mounted higher than 48" above the floor. I would install the outlets on 1 circuit and the lights on another circuit unless you only have a couple of lights. Use AWG #12 wire for the garage protected by a 20 amp breaker. If the garage is detached from the house then you need a disconnect in the garage. Any 240 volt outlet must be on a dedicated circuit protected by the proper breaker and correct size wire needed for the device.
ALL outdoor circuits and all 115v circuits in a bathroom, kitchen or garage should be protected by a GFIC. If you have any doubt, contact your local building inspector.GFIC outlets are relatively inexpensive and can be wired into the first circuit of a string of outdoor outlets. The expense is reasonable and the protection is well worth the investment.
GFCI receptacle's must protect any outlet that is within 6 feet of a water source, outside the home, in a garage, on a deck, in a sunroom, in a bathroom, unfinished basements, kitchens, & crawl spaces.
A 30 amp breaker is usually used for a dedicated 30 amp device. Ordinary 15 amp receptacles can not be connected to a breaker of higher trip capacity than the rating of the receptacle. The wire size for a 30 amp breaker is #10 AWG.
Assuming this is not an office of a place where lots of the outlets will be used to power items that draw lots of current on a 15 amp circuit wired with 14/2 wire I would limit it to no more than 10 outlets and lights combined. On a 20 amp circuit wired with 12/2 wire I would limit it to a 14 outlets and lights combined. There is no limit in the code. You just use common sense based on what is going to be used on this circuit.