Electrons are a negative charge. Using conventional notation current flows from positive to negative poles of a battery, for example. In electron flow convention the electrons flow from negative to positive.
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A flow of electrical charges is the definition of an electric current. This is a far better definition than 'a flow of free electrons', which one normally hears, because a current can be a flow of free electrons, positive or negative ions, 'holes', etc. -depending on the medium through which the current is flowing.
Not really. You can compare them with the analogy of water flowing through a pipe. For water to flow, there must be a pressure difference across the ends of the pipe. An electric current is a movement of electric charges along a conductor. For those charges to move, there must be a voltage (more accurately, a 'potential difference') across the ends of the conductor. So a potential difference is required to cause current to flow.
It is measured in amps. It is related to voltage and resistance by Ohm's Law. It is the flow of electric charges.
Voltage causes current to flow in an electric circuit.
Electric currents flow from the source through the circuit and back to the source in materials called conductors.