The size of the breaker is determined by the smallest conductor used in the system and by the type of load being serviced.
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You can swap a single breaker for two mini breakers or you can add a sub-panel. If you only need a couple of extra circuits then just add mini-breakers.
You can buy what are called Tandem circuit breakers. These only take up one space but allow you to connect 2 individual circuits to it. For example, say you had 4 - Single pole 20 amp breakers taking up 4 spaces. You could buy 2 - 20 amp Tandem circuit breakers and that would give you 2 additional spaces in your electrical panel. Just add up all your amps that your circuits will be pulling at one time to make sure you won't be overloading your electrical panel. One drawback to these Tandem breakers is that they are rough on your wallet. They are pretty expensive compared to regular breakers. Hope this helps
Sizing what goes into a 200 amp panel whether it be split breakers or normal size breakers is based on the amperage values expected under normal use of the devices connected to the panel. For example if you could look at a continuous curve of usage you would see it vary throughout the day. This is because under normal living conditions you use you lights and appliances at different time. If you started to trip the main 200 amp breaker and the other breakers weren't tripping then you would need to increase your service from power company and add a new main panel. So giving you a count isn't possible. You could call in an electrician to measure your usage or just add the breakers you need and see if the main breaker trips.
Two single-pole 30 amp breakers tied together make a two-pole 30 amp breaker. From this you can power a device that requires 220-240 volts, typically.